Unit 3 Quiz 2

Formation of Rome

1. Populated by many different civilizations

2. Latins, Estruscans, Umbrians, Samines & Gauls

3. Greeks arrive in south Italy

(1) Latins

1. Po River valley, related to Dorians

2. Settled area is Latium (central & southern Italy), 

3. Mixed with primitive people & form Latin stock, Romans who use Latin language

(2) Etruscans

1. Sea-faring traders, come from Asia Minor, conquer Tuscany

2. Dominate northern Italy until 4th century

3. city states ruled by oligarchies, never united

4. Greek culture often adapted, gods + poetry and ALPHABET

5. Etruscan alphabet becomes Latin alphabet

6. Obsessed with death & life

7. Etruscan culture until Emperos Claudius & Nero

(3) Greeks

1. Colonized southern Italy + Sicily

2. Defended against Etruscans

3. Superior culture, introduced Alphabet, Religion/Gods, olives & wine

Founding of the CITY of ROME

1. Romulus & Remus is story version

2. Rome is farming village formed on Tiber River →historical version

Etruscan Rule

1. Control of central Italy 

2. introducing buildings, culture, jewelry, sewers, walls on six hills. 

3. kings ruled for life, nonhereditary. 

4. Elites led by Brutus expelled seven kings, ending Tarquinius Superbus, starting the Republic

Roman Republic Culture (1) Family

1. Farming families basis of society

2. Led by paterfamilias →dad having total family control

Roman Republic Culture (2) Religion

1. primitive animism → belief everything has a soul

2. Borrowed heavily from Greeks → oracles & gods

3. Jupiter (Zeus) →spirit of sky

4. Mars (Ares) →spirit of harvest & warfare

5. People moved from roman religion to eastern mythical cults with immortality

Laraiums

1. shrines built into walls for household protection

Roman Republic Culture (3) General Culture

1. sense of culture taken from Latins

2. Belief in virtus →”manliness” →extreme obedience to laws

Gravitas

 1. “Gravity” sense of matter at hand

2. Responsibility, pride of being Latin + superior to others

Dignitas

1. “Dignity”, honor, self-worth + pride

2. Required nobles to serve as magistrates of Republic as army officers

Borrowed aspects from other cultures

1. Greek: poetry + philosophy

2. Egyptian: calendar

3. Persian: religion, cult of Mirtha

Education

1. Boys + (noble) girls learned to read + write

2. Fathers taught sons

Role of Women

1. Changed from Republic to Empire

2. Empire: women owned + ran business, 

3. patricians lived in luxury

Roman Society & Government (1) Patrician

1. Political, social + economic dominance

2. Important rule under time of Etruscans

Roman Society & Government (2) Plebeians

1. Main body of citizens

2. Excluded from marriage with plebeians, religious ceremonies and higher office

3. Later had role in gov if wealthy and powerful

Roman Society & Government (3) Slaves & foreigners denied citizenship

1. Citizenship was exclusive

2. Male, land owner, over 18, natural born required

Struggle for plebeian equality

Goals for Gov:

1. Everyone has a say

2. Preventing one group from too much power

Problem: only rich can afford service in gov, poor taken advantage of

Conflict of orders

 1. The 4 steps to plebeian equality

Conflict of orders (Step 1)

1. Plebeians won’t serve in army & make demands

2. Patricians let plebeians form popular assembly → elect tribunes

3. Tribunes had veto power & supposed to help plebeians

4. Bribery + Puppets often help rich

Conflict of orders (Step 2)

1. 12 Tables created→first written form of law

2. Laws applied to plebeians & patricians

Conflict of orders (Step 3)

1. [Position of consul open for patricians & plebeians]

2. Chief executive of Rome could be Plebeian, but plebeian had to be a wealthy one

Conflict of orders (Step 4)

 1. Tribal Assembly can pass laws without Senate

Roman Slavery

1. Very common, men + women sold at large markets

2. Not racial, was capture of soldiers

3. Slaves revolts common early

Third Servile war

1. Major slave revolt led by Spartacus, but he couldn’t control his men and large army

2. Defeated by Crassus in battle

3. Survivors crucified on Appian Way

Roman Army

1. [Strength was multitude of men in the army]

2. Lost battles but not wars because of large army

3. Ran out of land + money for soldiers retirement →less joined army

4. Decline of army leads to decline of Rome

Roman military strategy

 1. First 2 lines for disrupting enemy, 3rd line for reserve

2. Maniple made of 10-12 men

3. 10 maniples →century

4. 6 centuries →cohort

5. 10 cohorts →legion

Expansion and growth of Early Rome

1. The steps of growth for the empire

Expansion and growth of Early Rome (1)

1. Romans form Latin League for defensive purposes

2. Set sights on Etruscan stronghold Veii, Camilus conquers stronghold, massive turning point for expansion

Expansion and growth of Early Rome (2)

 1. Gauls defeat Romans at Allia River & sack Rome while survivors hold capital

2. After 7 month siege, Romans regain control & rebuild city after Roman leader Camilus bribes the Gauls with gold

Expansion and growth of Early Rome (3)

 1. Romans defeat Saminites after 3 wars over land disputes, after being tricked by Samanites

2. Romans later overwhelm Saminites despite early surrender at Caudine Fork

Expansion and growth of Early Rome (4)

 1. Colony of Tarentum asked Pyrrhus of Epirus to aid Magna Grecia vs. Rome

2. Despite wins of “Pyrrhic victories” Pryuus lost too many men

3. Pyrrhos unsuccessfully invaded Sicily, defeated by Rome on land & Carthage on sea

4. Rome later able to control entire Italian peninsula

Results of Early Roman Expansion

1. Conquered people pay taxes, supply soldiers, follow Roman leadership

2. Conquered people kept customs, money + local gov

3. Few groups had full citizenship, many had some citizenship

4. Romans had network of soldiers

The Punic Wars

1. Rome Vs. Carthage

2. Carthage had strong navy, Rome strong on land

3. Rome wins due to number of men + supplies

4. Cause of war is struggle for trade control at Sicily

1st Punic War

1. Roman invasion of Sicily, became naval war

2. Romans capture + copy Carthaginian ship design

3. Hamilcar Barcas →best Carthaginian general, fleet later destroyed

Terms of peace treaty to end 1st Punic War

1. Carthage gives Sicily to Rome

2. Carthage pays large indemnity→ forces them to hire more mercenaries

3. Rome seizes Sardinia + Corsica →leading to second war

2nd Punic War

1. Caused by Carthage’s desire for Rome & Roman concerns over Carthage expansions in Spain

2. To recover first Punic War losses, great Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Spain starting war

3. Greatest Carthaginian general is Hannibal

Important battles & results (2nd Punic War)

 1. Hannibal wins at Trebbia River, Roman soldiers freeze to death, Hannibal makes them stand and wait

2. Hannibal defeats Romans at Lake Tresimenus using lakes and hills

3. Hannibal inflicts great defeat at battle of Cannae, grandaddy of all battles, double envelop, Romans crushed at all sides

Roman Consuls/Generals at Cannae

1. Paulus: does not want to fight, stays and dies

2. Varro: wanted battle with Hannibal, ran when fighting

3. Hannibal maneuvers + traps Romans who are massacred, release non-roman prisoners

Roman reaction to Cannae

1. Roman soldiers punished with special legion placement

2. After Cannae, decimated Rome appoints dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus

3. Fabius Maximus delaying tactics + mirroring actions outlast Hannibal

4. Hannibal's goal to destroy Roman spirit, destroy farmland etc (wasn’t able to)

Carthaginian Reaction to Cannae

 1. Hannibal, encouraged to attack defenseless Rome, does not which was his biggest mistake

2nd punic war continues

1. Famous siege of Syracuse, (Greek) Archidames defense holds (helps) Syracuse

2. Cranes overturn ships & shields reflect sunlight

Turning Point in the War

 1. Roman forces defeat + kill Hannibal’s brother Hasdurbal, preventing reinforcements from reaching Italy, loses at Metarus River

P. Cornelius Scipio

1. Drives Carthaginians out of Spain, uses superior calvary forcing Hannibal to escape + commit suicide

Battle Zama

1. Outside Carthage, (Roman) Scipio defeats Hannibal using Hannibal’s tactics

2. Hannibal forced to escape Syria, later commits suicide

Peace Treaty to end the 2nd punic war

1. Carthage loses Spain

2. Carthage fleet destroyed

3. Carthage pays huge indemnity for 50 years

3rd Punic War

1. Rome lays siege to Carthage, burns it, not much left

Results of Punic Wars

 1. Romans control Spain to Egypt

2. Macedonia, Greece, & Asia minor are Roman Provinces

3. Welfare changes, army stays longer, women do more, slums created and welfare for citizens

Macedonian Wars

1. Rome defeats Antigonids leading to end of Macedonian control of Greece

2. Antigonids are Alexander’s macedonian remnants, defeated after four wars

1st Macedonian War

1. Cause: Philip V of Macedon allies with Hannibal in 2nd Punic War

2. Result: Roman navy prevents Philip from crossing to Italy

2nd Macedonian War

1. Cause: revenge war vs. Philip

2. Result: At Cynoscephate, Rome defeats Philip & Greeks now free

3rd Macedonian War

1. Cause: Perseus, Philips son allies with Seleucids and Rhodes to defeat Romans

2. Result: Perseus defeated, Romans and direct taxation on citizens

4th Macedonian War

1. Cause: Rome destroys Corinth after Greek aggression

2. Greece becomes Roman province

3. Only Athens & Sparta stay independent

Syrian War

1. Seleucids resisted Rome, Antiochus III lost Magnesia to Sciopo

2. Hannibal refuged with Antiochus, later sucide

Pergamon

1. Rome continues to expand, Pergamon surrendered to Rome on deathbed of Attalos III

Creation of Roman Empire

1. Rome had 8 provinces, controlled Greece, Italy & Spain, N. Africa west Asia Minor

2. Expansion comes at social & military cost

Problems that led to the collapse of Roman Republic

 1. Decline of political morality

2. Decline of Roman Farmer

3. Rise of Unemployment with slave markets

4. Decline of Political Stability

(1) PROBLEM: Decline of political morality

 1. Middle class farmer bought out of his land by rich individual &  kicked out

2. Not offered a job to work there, goes to city and needs welfare

(2) PROBLEM: Decline of Roman farmer

 1. Loss of life from wars

2. Loss of farmland from Hannibal

3. Cheap corn from slaves →Roman famous prices go down

4. Rise of latifuda →large estates, worked economically

(3) PROBLEM: Rise of unemployment

1. Slave markets displace small farmers, free workers, domestic servants, decline of political stability

2. Wealth gap widens

Opitames

1. conservatives in majority of Senate

2. rep the plebeians

Populares

1. Liberals for the poor

Gracchi Brothers

1. Land reforming brothers, want to cap amount of land

2. Get support from the poor, want land redistributed

Demagouge

1. Political leader that seeks support appealing to desires of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument

Tiberius Gracchus

1. Elected tribune

2. Murdered after promising citizenship & election reforms

3. Was more rational

Gaius Gracchus

 1. Elected tribune

2. Puts brothers reforms into effect

3. Went too far with wanting citizenship for Italian tribes

4. Was more controversial

Key result of Gracchi brothers

1. Violated election laws

2. THE DOLE →list of 300 poorest families in Rome, on welfare, Roman gov provides for them

3. Food riots occurred more often, not supposed to be on welfare forever

Marius (1)

 1. effective general chosen as a tribune but denied an army by the Senate

2. recruits legions without the property qualification, then gets senate to award land to his soldiers after their victories

3. Precedent of generals using landless soldiers promising rewards for soldiers

Marius (2)

1. Result 1: MADE ARMIES PROFESSIONAL, calls for volunteers from working class

2. ARMIES MORE LOYAL TO GENERALS RATHER THEN STATE

3. Ended Jugurthine War, Numidian King Jugurtha bribed senators to keep power, defeated by Rome when father in law betrayed him, ending war

Sulla

1. Roman general & statesmen

2. retired, after dictator for 2 years, violates precedent and roman law

3. USE ARMY FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES & MARCH ARMY INTO ROME

Social Wars

1. Fought over Italian allies revolting against Rome for citizenship

2. Fought by Marius & Sula

3. Conflict ended in costly truce, citizenship granted, but tribes restricted to maintain Roman dominance

Civil War Part 1 (1)

1. Fought between Marius & Sulla

2. Marius Supported by populares, Marius blocked optimate ally Sulla

3. Sulla won command against Mithridates, but rival Marius had Tribal Assembly transfer role to him, causing conflict

4. Sulla first general to use army for political purposes & march army into Rome

Civil War Part 1 (2)

1. After Sulla seized power, Marius fled & returned rule briefly before dying

2. Sulla established supreme dictatorship, crushed opposition & reformed Senate

Rise of Caesar

 1. Rose naturally with struggle between populares and opitames

2. After death of Sulla, 1st Triumvirate formed (3 popular men with protection from Senate)

1st Triumvirate

1. Informal political alliance designed to bypass the Senate

2. Was driven by personal ambitions & allowed each member to secure personal goals

3. Made up of: Pompey (Spain), Crassus (Syria) Caesar (Gaul)

4. Not legal or accepted, did it anyway

Pompey

 1. Protege of Sulla, one of the most powerful 3

2. Repealed some of Sulla’s reforms, popular with Plebeians

3. Defeats Mithriades VI of Pontus and expands Roman Empire

4. Says Caesar is dangerous to the Senate

5. Killed because hoped caesar would leave them alone if caesar dead

Mithradates VI

1. central figure in causing first Roman Civil War

2. Mithridates VI wanted black sea coast, fought Sulla over Pergamon

3. Successful military general supported by Tribal Assembly & allies with Crassus

Crassus

 1. Wealthiest man in Rome

2. Defeated Spartans in battle twice

3. After he dies, elections are held

Julius Caesar

1. Comes from middle class family & works his way up

2. Held every single position in Rome

3. Marius’s nephew, backed by Crassus, later wealthy with political positions

4. Appointment at Triumvirate blocks Civil War with Crassus & Pompey

5. Fame and fortune with conquest of Gaul

End of first Triumvirate

 1. After Crassus's death, Pompey aligned with the Senate, forcing Caesar to fight. 

2. Caesar crossed the Rubicon, chased Pompey to Greece, and won at Pharsalus.

3. Ptolemy killed Pompey in Egypt, Caesar installed Cleopatra, & declared "Veni, vidi, vici," and seized absolute control of Rome 

Rule of Caesar

1. dictator for 10 years, then dictator for life, defies 6-month limit 

2. Boosted Senate to 900 members, including veterans and provincials, move breaks aristocratic control. 

3. Was a military genius & expanded Rome, with extreme speed, new tactics, and personally leading soldiers when they wavered. 

Reforms of Caesar

1. first to grant citizenship to the provinces & adopted the Julian Calendar. 

2. decreased unemployment, stimulated trade and commerce & began public works program with distribution of free grain. 

Battle of Pharsalus

1. Caesar defeats Pompey over power control fight

2. Pompey flees to Egypt, promptly executed

3. Caesar forms alliance with Cleopatra

4. Caesar defeats Pompey’s family, seizes control of Rome

Assassination of Caesar

1. Assassinated by the Senate, which feared losing power.

2.  rumors of king desires was killed by 60 senators

3. murdered on way to Senate Chamber, died at base of Pompey’s statue.

Final Stage of Civil Wars

1. Formation of 2nd triumvirate 

2. Caesar’s revenge

Formation of 2nd Triumvirate

1. Formed to avenge Caesar & to seize control of Roman State

2. Unlike the 1^st Triumvirate, it is formal & official. 

3. indicates that political institutions in Rome are becoming less rigid & Republic is falling apart!

Marc Antony

1. Caesars chief lieutenant & right-hand man. 

2. Won control of Rome after famous funeral oration

3. Lost control by failing to carry out Caesar's will including Octavian. 

4. Eventually Octavian’s private army’s support

Octavian

1. Adopted nephew of Caesar. 

2. Supported by Senate over Antony. 

3. Changed support from Senate to Marc Antony for revenge of Caesar’s murder.

Lepidus

1. Part of 2nd Triumvirate

2. Caesar former general

3. Antony supporter

Caesars revenge

1. swift, brutal vengeance enacted by Caesar’s heir, Octavian (Augustus), and Mark Antony against his assassins, 

2. resulted in elimination of conspirators like Brutus and Cassius, 

3. Marked end of Roman Republic & rise of Roman Empire

2nd Triumvirate

1. marked about 300 Senators and 2000 others for execution, including Cicero                  

2. Battle of Philipp, Antony & Octavian defeat army of Cassius and Marcus Brutus. 

3. Cassius & Marcus Brutus both commit suicide after the battle.

4. 2^nd Triumvirate divides up Rome’s domains:, Antony: Egypt, Greece, The East; Octavian: west & Gaul w/ Lepidus; Lepidus: Africa, shared Gaul

5. ends when Lepidus attempts to seize Sicily from Octavian

Rise of Octavian

1. Antony’s poor judgment & disastrous Parthian campaign & marriage to Cleopatra allowed savvy Octavian to gain Senate support. 

2. At Actium, Octavian’s superior naval tactics defeated Antony

3. Antony and Cleopatra flee to Egypt & commit suicide

4. Octavian now undisputed ruler.

Decline of Roman Republic: Octavian

1. established the Roman Empire, ending the Republic and initiating 45+ years of peace (Pax Romana) 

2. New name Augustus, had new powers & titles rather than dictator, rules as Emperor (permanent)

3. TAKES ALL POLITICAL POSITIONS

4. Caesar named god by Senate, all Roman senators now called Caesar

5. HIS CEMENTED POWER ENDS REPUBLIC