GLOBAL ISLAM, CRUSADES, ENGLAND, THE PLAGUE, THE MONGOLS

Islam

Means "to surrender" or "submit" → to Allah

Muslim

People who follow Allah (followers of Islam)

Koran/Q'uran

A sacred scripture for Muslims; believed to have been revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad

Mecca

Holy land of Islam

Kaaba

Houses sacred black stone of Mecca; People go to visit it during their Hajj

Muhammad

He is the founder of Islam

Hegira

Journey from Mecca to Medina (Muhammad's flight)

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Devotion of faith 2. Pray 5x a day 3. Alms (2.5% of wealth to mosque) 4. Fast for Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Hajj

"People of the Book"

Anybody derived from Abrahamic faith

Sharia Law

Islamic law/code that was developed by Muslim scholars by interpreting the Q'uran; Regulates moral conduct and all aspects of daily life

Umma

Community of believers made up of all the Muslims of the world (nation or community)

Sunni

Any pious member can lead

Shi'ite

Believed leader must be descendent of Muhammad

Jihad

Holy war/ a great strive/ effort to improve the world

Mali

Arab version of the mandarin word meaning "where king dwells"

Mansa

Kings who expended influence on gold mining regions to the south and salt supplies of Taghaza

Timbuktu

A city that grew into a great trading city; Had a major library

Mansa Musa

Greatest leader; 1280-1337

Ibn Battuta

Islamic scholar who vowed to visit the whole Islamic world without traveling the same road twice; BIG EXAMPLE of cultural diffusion; Traveled over 5,000 miles journeying

Mansa Musa Hajj

His hajj was a landmark event; Converted lots of people with good deeds; brought lots of things with him for his hajj → along the way he gave out gold which led to a mass conversion.

The Crusades

Series of Holy wars launched by Christian states against Muslims in Palestine (modern day Israel)

1096-1291

The time period during which the Crusades took place.

Crusade

War fought in the name of God.

First Crusade

Was called in 1095; aim was to reconquer the Holy Land.

Third Crusade

Took place in 1187.

Fourth Crusade

In 1209, Christian knights took Constantinople; originally aimed for Jerusalem but got off track.

Children's Crusade

In 1212, kids got sold into slavery.

Crusader States

A set of territories around Jerusalem that crusaders and kings took over (violently).

Alexius I

Sought help from western Christians to recapture the Holy Land to protect Constantinople; Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

Pope Urban II

Called the First Crusade.

Council of Clermont

Meeting in which the first crusade was called in 1095.

Holy Land

Jerusalem.

Acre

Last Christian stronghold within the middle east.

Saladin

Sultan of the Turks who besieged and captured Jerusalem in 1187; wanted to negotiate to end brutality.

Siege at Acre

In 1191, when the last Christian stronghold was taken.

Motives of the Pope

Cemented Papal Supremacy, healed schism between Eastern + Western Christianity, and focused fighting away from within Christianity.

Motives of the Knights

New adventure, new land to settle, new sources of wealth, and to solve massive boredom.

Celtic Britons

The Indigenous people of Britain

Anglo-Saxons

Germanic people who inhabited Angleland

Angle, Saxons, Jutes

The three different tribes that inhabited Angle Land

Vikings

Scandinavian people (Danes, Norse, Sweden) who invaded England

Alfred the Great

Saxon King of Wessex who gained, consolidated, and maintained power through the treaty of Alfred and Guthrum

Æthelstan

First king of England (927) who helped unify the country

William the Conqueror

O.G from Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and created the Domesday book

Domesday Book

Accurate census that helped taxation, created by William the Conqueror

Henry I

The great legislator who reformed laws of England and created a system of common law

Stephen

Henry I's son

Empress Matilda

Henry I's daughter and rightful heir

Henry II

Son of Matilda who was excommunicated from the church

Richard I

Too busy with the Crusades and spent little time in England

King John

Started problems due to failed side dealings with the French and Pope, and angered nobles with taxes

Britannia

Another name for England

Lindisfarne

First Viking invasion in 793 where Vikings raided a church

Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum

Made by Alfred the Great, converted the Vikings to Christianity and granted them land

The Norman Conquest of 1066

William the Conqueror invaded England to gain control

Exchequer

Office of Treasury/Treasurer

Common Law

A body of unwritten laws based on legal precedents established by the courts, inputted by Henry I

The Anarchy

A civil war in England from 1135-1154 where nobody was sure who should be ruling

Magna Carta

A document from 1215 that established no taxation without representation, due process of law, limitation of the king's power, and creation of model parliament

Due process of Law

Everyone is entitled to a trial; without it, people were put into jail for no good reason

Model Parliament

Their congress, which limited the monarchy

Bubonic Plague

Aka the Black Death, killed more than 25 million people between 1347-1417.

Epidemic

A widespread disease.

Flagellation/Flagellants

Whipping oneself to punish, used as a prevention method to stop the plague.

Quarantine

Long periods of isolation away from others in order to stop the spread of the virus.

Great Western Schism

3 popes at the same time leading to the great western schism, ended in 1417.

Avignon Papacy

The papacy created in France from 1309-1377.

The Mongols

Horseback warrior culture located north of China, unified by Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan

Leader of the Mongols who conquered Russia and portions of the Muslim empire.

Khanates

Kingdoms within the Mongol empire, 4 main Khanates existed.

Tamerlane

Mongol ruler who invaded India in 1396 and defeated the Delhi sultanate.

Kublai Khan

First non-Chinese Mongolian emperor (1215-1294) who moved the capital to Beijing.

Yuan Dynasty

The Khanate Kingdom in China/Eastern Asia ruled by Kublai Khan.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace created by the Mongols ruling over the silk road.

Marco Polo

Wealthy Italian merchant who influenced Western views on the Mongols.