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Psych Ch. 13- Social Psychology
Psych Ch. 13- Social Psychology
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58 Terms
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Social psychology
Explains how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others
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Social cognition
Focuses on the role of cognitive processes in social interactions
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Person perception
Refers to the mental processes used to perceive the personality characteristics of others
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Embodied cognition
States that bodily sensations influence person perception
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Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making by relying on core human abilities and simple computations
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Availability heuristic
Making decisions based on easily recalled information, which may not always be accurate
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Social categorization
Grouping people or things based on specific characteristics like age, race, or gender
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Implicit personality theory
Assumptions about the relationship between personality traits and their influence on behavior
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Attribution theory
Understanding others' behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations
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Disposition attribution
Attributing behavior to personality traits or personal characteristics
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Situational attribution
Attributing behavior to external factors like the environment
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Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional rather than situational factors
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Actor observer bias
Tendency for attributions to change based on whether one is the actor or observer in a situation
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Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external events
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Attitude
Evaluative belief or opinion about something
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Explicit attitudes
Conscious beliefs or opinions that can be reported to others
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Implicit attitudes
Involuntary beliefs that can influence actions automatically
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Theory of planned behavior
Behavior is determined by behavioral intentions influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
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Self-perception theory
Inferring attitudes by observing one's own behaviors
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Cognitive dissonance
Conflict between attitudes or between attitudes and behaviors, leading to discomfort
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Persuasion
Deliberate effort to change attitudes, beliefs, or feelings
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Affect polarization
Intense dislike for opposing party due to one-sided information
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Elaboration likelihood model
Persuasive technique effectiveness based on listener's motivation
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Compliance
Behavior change in response to a direct request
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Foot-in-the-door technique
Small request followed by a larger one, utilizing cognitive dissonance
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Door-in-the-face technique
Large request followed by a smaller, reasonable one
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Lowball technique
Encouraging compliance through an attractive deal, then changing terms
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Obedience
Complying with commands from an authority figure
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Milgram experiments
Study showing willingness to follow commands under certain conditions
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Conformity
Aligning behavior or thinking with a group standard
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Normative social influence
Influence seeking approval and belonging to a group
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Informational social influence
Influence from information provided by others
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Suggestibility
Susceptibility to others' opinions, demonstrated by Asch
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Social facilitation
Improved performance when observed, especially in easy tasks
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Social loafing
Reduced effort in a group when individual contributions seem insignificant
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Risky shift
Group decisions tend to be riskier than individual decisions
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Group polarization
Group discussion leading to more extreme positions collectively
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Groupthink
Uniform opinions in a group, hindering dissent
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Deindividuation
Loss of personal identity and responsibility in a group setting
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Social identity model of deindividuating effects
Behavior explanation considering group identity and norms
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Stanford Prison Experiment
Controversial study on behavior in simulated prison environment
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Prejudice
Negative attitude towards individuals or groups, justifying discrimination
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Discrimination
Negative behavior towards a group based on their membership
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Stereotype threat
Risk of confirming negative stereotypes affecting performance
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Aggression
Any purposeful behavior intended to cause physical or psychological harm to others.
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Indirect Aggression
Acts that don't directly involve the target of the aggression, such as starting rumors.
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Dual-hormone hypothesis
High levels of testosterone but low levels of cortisol leading to aggressive tendencies.
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Intimate partner violence
A pattern of coercive behaviors within an intimate or dating relationship.
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Interpersonal attraction
The likelihood of being attracted to a person influenced by factors like proximity, exposure, symmetry, and similarity.
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Passionate love
An intense longing for another person with physiological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components.
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Compassionate love
Feelings of affection and intimacy towards another person, applicable in romantic relationships and close friendships.
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Triangular theory of love
Love composed of passion, intimacy, and commitment, with consummate love having all three components.
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WICS
Wisdom, intelligence, creativity synthesized, combined with love for a successful and satisfying relationship.
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Prosocial behavior
Behavior aimed at helping others, carried out with the goal of benefiting others.
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Altruism
Behavior aimed at helping others without concern for one's own safety or personal interest.
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Reciprocal altruism
Altruistic acts done with the expectation of receiving altruism later or in return for previous help received.
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Bystander effect
The phenomenon where the presence of more bystanders decreases the likelihood of someone receiving help in an emergency.
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Diffusion of responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible to act when others are present, assuming someone else will take action.
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