AP Psychology Hormones and Neurotransmitters

Dopamine

Involved in reward, motivation, and motor control.

High levels are linked with pleasure and addiction. Low levels linked to Parkinson’s disease.

Serotonin

Regulates mood, sleep and appetite. Low levels linked with depression and anxiety.

Norepinephrine

Influences alertness and arousal. High levels linked with stress, low levels linked with ADHD.

Glutamate

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Involved in learning and memory; excess can lead to neurotoxicity.

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric-acid)

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. Reduces anxiety and stress. Low levels linked to anxiety disorders.

Endorphins

Natural painkillers and mood enhancers. Released during exercise, reducing pain and promoting overall well-being.

Substance P

Involved in pain perception. Transmits pain signals; high levels linked to chronic pain conditions

Acetylcholine

Involved muscle action, learning and memory. Deficiencies linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

Adrenaline

Prepares the body for fight or flight. Increases arousal, alertness and energy levels during stressful situations.

Leptin

Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Influences appetite and metabolism; plays role in weight regulation.

Ghrelin

Stimulates appetite. Increases hunger, signals the brain to eat. Affects mood and energy levels.

Melatonin

Regulates sleep-wake cycles. Promotes sleep by signaling to the body when it’s time too. Influences sleep patterns and overall mood.

Oxytocin

Facilitates social bonding and emotional connections. Enhances trust, bonding and empathy in social interactions. Plays a role in childbirth and breastfeeding.