6.6 to 6.11

zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific

geographic regions may be used.

urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

residential zones

Those areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions

inner city

residential areas surrounding the CBD

residential density gradient

As one moves farther from the inner city, population and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing change

filtering

houses pass from one social group to another usually occurs when people with less wealth move into the houses after wealthier residents move.

invasion and succession

refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering.

urban infill

the process of building up underused lands within a city.

suburbanization of business

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter.

infrastructure

the facilities and systems that serve the population like schools, police stations, and roads.

municipal

refers to the local government of a city or town and the services it provides.

municipality

refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

annexation

The process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory

incorporation

the act of legally joining together to form a new city.

bedroom communities

commuter suburbs

unincorporated areas

populated regions do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality.

Smart-growth policies

encourage sustainable development economically and socially to increase efficiencies and protect the environment.

example of smart growth policy

creating more walkable areas, and bike lanes.

public transportation

Buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a

government agency.

sustainability

Using the earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment

greenbelts

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, have been created to limit a city's growth and preserve farmland.

Slow-growth cities

adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser, more compact city.

new urban design

puts smart growth into action within communities

mixed- use neighborhoods.

a mix of homes and businesses.

transit-oriented development (TOD),

locates mixed-use residential and business communities near mass transit stops, resulting in a series of more compact communities which decreases the need for automobiles.

Livability

a set of principles that supports sustainable urban

designs

negative about smart growth policy

can result in unintended segregation both ethnically and economically.

Quantitative data

information that can be counted, measured, or sequenced

by numeric value.

population composition.

showing where people live, population composition gives a description of people's income, age, gender, ethnicity, race, family size, and other details.

redlining

The process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas, was common.

Racial segregation

Occurs when people live in separate

neighborhoods based on their ethnicity or race.

blockbusting

when people of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood.

ghettos

Areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination.

Inclusionary zoning

practices that offer incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low-income renters or buyers.

scattered site

the city or government provides rental assistance for individuals to dispurse public housing throughout the area.

urban renewal

the policy allowed governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums, which usually displaced the residents to low-income government housing complexes, and built new development projects.

eminent domain

allows the government to claim private property from individuals, pay them for the property, and then use the land for the public good.

Gentrification

the process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominately wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city.

informal settlements

densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage.

land tenure

the legal protection of contracts to show ownership of

the land or structures.

Zones of abandonment

areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons.

environmental racism

the disproportionate exposure of minorities and the poor to pollution and its impacts, plus the unequal protection of their rights under the law,

gated communities

walled or fenced neighborhoods with limited access and entry points

brownfield

consists of dilapidated buildings and polluted soils.

suburban sprawl

rapid spread of development outward from the inner city

urban canyons

streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind and prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground.