Medical Terminology Chapter 3 - export for baton rouge high

ankyl/o

crooked, bent, stiff

arthr/o

joint

chondr/i, chondr/o

cartilage

cost/o

rib

crani/o

skull

-desis

to bind, tie together

kyph/o

bent, hump

lord/o

curve, swayback, bent

lumb/o

lumbar, lower back

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

bone

scoli/o

curved, bent

spondyl/o

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

synovi/o, synov/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

periosteum

the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

cortical bone

dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. Also known as compact bone

cancellous bone

is porous "sponge-like" bone that is weaker and lighter than compact bones. Also known as spongy bones.

medullary cavity

center cavity located in the shaft of long bones

endosteum

tissue that line the medullary cavity

red bone marrow

hematopoietic tissue manufactures red blood cells, some white blood cells, and clotting cells

yellow bone marrow

composed mostly of fat cells; primarily in the long bones of the body. Functions as a fat storage area.

foramen

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

process

a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints. Makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other

meniscus

the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphyses

ends of long bone

proximal epiphysis

the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

distal epiphysis

end of the bone located farthest away from the midline

joints

are the place of union between two or more bones. Also known as articulations

fibrous joints

consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults, these are also known as sutures.

fontanelles

are normally present on the skull of a newborn. Also known as soft spots.

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.

pubic symphysis

this joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis and allows some movement to facilitate childbirth.

synovial joints

lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, a lubricant - designed for maximum movement. Some specific joints include ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints

articulate

to come together

synovial capsule

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

synovial membrane

Lines inside of capsule and secretes fluid

synovial fluid

Fluid secreted by synovial membrane, filling the synovial cavity; acts as a lubricant, cushion, and nourishes articular cartilage

ligaments

are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting bone to bone or bone to cartilage

bursa

is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

206 to 350

range of number of bones in an individual

axial skeleton

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Consists of 80 bones of the head and body.

appendicular skeleton

makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Consists of 126 bones that are organized into upper and lower extremities.

appendage

anything that is attached to a major part of the body

extremity

terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg

skull

consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 that form the face, and 6 in the middle ear

cranium

portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. Made up of 8 bones

frontal bone

forehead bone

parietal bones

form the roof of the skull

occipital bone

forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

temporal bone

sides and base of the cranium

external auditory meatus

The lateral, outer opening of the external auditory canal

meatus

external opening of a canal

sphenoid bone

an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull

ethmoid bone

light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose

orbit

bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball

auditory ossicles

three tiny bones located in each middle ear. Malleus, incus, and stapes

zygomatic bones

cheekbones

maxilla

upper jaw

mandible

lower jaw- only movable part of the skull

palatine bones

form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose

lacrimal bones

make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye

inferior conchae

are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

vomer bone

forms the base for the nasal septum, which is the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities.

temporomandibular joint

The joint formed where the mandible and cranium meet, just in front of the ear. Also known as TMJ

thoracic cavity

bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. Also known as rib cage

costals

ribs

true ribs

First 14 (7 pair) attached to sternum

false ribs

8-10 ribs; indirectly attached to sternum with costal cartilage

floating ribs

last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum

sternum

breast bone, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

manubrium

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

gladiolus

bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

pectoral girdle

also known as shoulder girdle.

clavicle

collar bone

scapula

shoulder blade

acromion

An extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

humerus

bone of the upper arm

radius

smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. Runs thumb side of the forearm.

ulna

the larger and longer bone of the forearm

olecranon

the large, proximal tip of the ulna. Also known as the funny bone.

8

number of carpal bones

metacarpals

are the five bones that form the palms of the hand

phalanges

14 finger bones or toe bones

spinal column

consists of 26 vertebrae. Also known as vertebral column

body of vertebra

solid, anterior portion of the vertebra

lamina

posterior portion of a vertebra

vertebral foramen

the opening in the middle of the vertebra. Allows passage of spinal cord.

intervertebral disks

made of cartilage and pads of tissue, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other and allow for movement of the spinal column.

nucleus pulposus

made up of a soft, gelatinous material that allows the intervertebral disks to act as shock absorbers

C1-C7

cervical vertebrae

T1-T12

thoracic vertebrae

L1-L5

lumbar vertebrae

sacrum

the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back

coccyx

tailbone

pelvis

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. Also known as bony pelvis

pelvic girdle

a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

ilium

broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone