AP World History - Chapter 11

Ninety-Five Theses

document written by Martin Luther that denounced the sale of indulgences

Martin Luther

German monk and Catholic priest who became a critical figure in what  became known as the Protestant Reformation after challenging the corruption of the church in his Ninety-Five Theses; opposed the sale of indulgences

Johannes Gutenberg

invented the printing press

Calvinists

followers of John Calvin

Angelicans

Catholic Reformation

16th Century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits; wanted to persuade people to return to the Roman church

Council of Trent

Assembly of high Roman Catholic church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve the preparation of priests

Society of Jesus

sought to extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman church; members known as Jesuits

St. Ignatius Loyola

a basque nobleman and soldier who later devoted his life to religion and founded the missionary Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)

witch hunts

period in 16th and 17th centuries in which about 110,000 people (mainly women) were tried as witches in western Europe

Thirty Years’ War

massive continental conflict after the Holy Roman emperor tried to force Bohemian subjects to return to the church; damaged economies and societies

indulugences

a type of pardon that excused individuals from doing penance for their sins making it easier for their souls to go to heaven when they died

Protestants

dissenters of the Roman Catholic Church because of their protest

Protestant Reformation

16th century European movement during which people broke away from the Catholic Church

John Calvin

French lawyer who converted to Protestant Christianity; organized a Protestant Community in Switzerland; wrote Institutes of the Christian religion which presented Protestant teachings; believed in the “predestination” of the “elect”

Jesuits

had advanced education in all areas; were good missionaries

Hasburgs

accumulated rights and titles to land throughout Europe

Charles V

emperor who inherited the Hapsburg family’s Austrian territories as well s the Kingdom of Spain; his empire stretched from Austria to Peru; ruled each land based on its own laws and customs

Spanish Inquisition

institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism or Islam

constitutional states

governments that claimed limited powers and recognized rights pertaining to individuals and representative institutions

English Civil War

a series of armed conflicts between the English crown and the English Parliament over political and religious differences

Glorious Revolution

the events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James II by his Protestant Daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William of Orange

Absolutism

political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship; French king Louis XIV was the classic example

Cardinal Richelieu

served as chief minister to Louis XIII in France; worked to enhance the authority of the king; built a bureaucracy loyal to the king

King Louis XIV

known as the Sun King; 72 year reign was the longest of any monarch in European history

Versailles

Palace of French King Louis XIV

Romanovs

Russian dynasty founded by Mikhail Romanov and ending with Nicholas II

Peter the Great

Russian tsar of the Romanov family who sought to modernize Russia based on the model established by western European states

Catherine the Great (Catherine II)

the longest serving female ruler of Russia; overthrew her husband, Peter III, in a coup

Yemelian Pugachev

mounted an uprising against Catherine’s rule; killed nobles and government officials; was beheaded

Peace of Westphalia

ended the Thirty Years’ War; laid the foundation for a system of independent, competing states; all European states were sovereign and equal; entrusted political and diplomatic affairs to the state

“new monarchs”

in kingdoms of England, France, Spain; built strong centralized regimes

Seven Years’ War

Louis the XIV wanted to expand into Germany; pitted France, Austria, Russia vs. Britain, Prussiabalance

balance of power

no ruler wanted to see another state dominate all the others; formed a coalition when one state became too powerful; prevented the building of an empire

capitalism

an economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market

joint-stock companies

early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk

serfdom

labor system that required peasants to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or moving away without landowners’ permission

proindustrialization

“Putting out system;” entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to families in the countryside, who would then spin and weave the materials into garments; the entrepreneurs would then pick up the garments, pay the families, and sell them on the market

Adam Smith

Scottish; philosopher; believed society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who theorized that the Sun, rather than the Earth, lay at the center of the universe (heliocentric theory)

Ptolemaic Universe

believed in a motionless earth with 9 hollow spheres that revolve around it

scientific revolution

based their understanding of the natural world on direct observation and mathematical reasoning

Johannes Kepler

demonstrated that the planetary orbits are elliptical, no circular as in Ptolemaic theory

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer, engineer, and physicist from the town of Pisa, whose observations had a huge impact on the development of modern science; showed the heavens were not the perfect, unblemished realm that Ptolemaic astronomers assumed; world was in constant change

Isaac Newton

English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who played a key role in the Scientific Revolution; laws of universal gravitation;used mathematical explanations of the laws that govern movements of bodies on the earth

Emilie du Chatelet

scientist; translated Newton’s Principia Mathematica where she explained his work

Claudius Ptolemy 

wrote Almagest which contained theories of the universe

William Harvey

English physician; studied human reproduction; inferiority of women