Anatomy Ch. 10

what happens when blood is centrifuged

formed elements (eukaryocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) sink to the bottom (45%), buffy layer in middle with leukocytes and platelets, plasma is at the top (55%)

what is in plasma

90% water, nutrients, salt (electrolytes), respiratory gases (oxygen, co2), hormones, plasma proteins, waste products from kidneys filtering,

plasma proteins

most abundant substance in plasma, made by liver, 3 kinds- albumin, clotting proteins (fibrinogens), antibodies (globulins)

albumin

plasma protein, regulates osmotic pressure

fibrinogen (clotting proteins)

plasma protein, converted to fibrin during clotting process, helps stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

globulins (antibodies)

plasma proteins, help protect the body from pathogens

formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, cellular fragments

erythrocytes

most abundant formed element, 4-6 million per mm3, red biconcave disks, anucleate, sacs of hemoglobin, most organelles are ejected, transport oxygen to hemoglobin molecules, also move small amounts of o2

leukocytes

white blood cells, five kinds; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, 4-11,000 per mm3

platelets

50-500,000 per mm3, irregularly shaped deep purple cell fragments, needed for normal blood clotting, initiate clotting cascade by clinging to torn area, help control blood loss from broken blood vessels

hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

average number of hemoglobin

250 million per erythrocyte

red blood cell disorders

anemia, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia

anemia

decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood, 3 types- decrease in RBC \#, inadequate hemoglobin content in RBC, abnormal hemoglobin in RBC

sickle cell anemia

abnormally shaped hemoglobin in RBC

polycythemia

excessive or abnormal increase in number of erythrocytes

hemoglobin

iron containing protein, binds strongly but can be reversed to oxygen, has four binding sites for oxygen, each erythrocyte has 250 million, normal blood has 12-18 g per 100 ml of blood

types of anemia from decrease in RBC

hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia

iron deficiency anemia

inadequate hemoglobin content in RBC

positive chemotaxis

response of leukocytes to chemicals released by damaged tissues

leukocytosis

WBC above 11,000 leukocytes per mm3, usually indicates an infection

leukopenia

abnormally low leukocyte level, commonly caused by certain drugs like corticosteroids or chemotherapy

leukemia

excessive WBC causes bone marrow to become dangerous

granulocytes

granules in cytoplasm, lobed nuclei; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

no granules, spherical, oval, or kidney shaped nuclei; lymphocytes and monocytes

never let monkeys eat bananas

list of WBC from most to least abundant; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils

multilobed nucleus with fine granules, destroy infection by ingesting them and killing them

lymphocytes

part of immune system, produces antibodies to fight infection

monocytes

agranular leukocyte that can migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

eosinophils

large red cytoplasmic granules, found in response to allergies and worms

basophils

have histamine containing granules, initiate inflammation

hematopoiesis

blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow, all blood cells are derived from a hemocytoblast (common stem cell), lymphoid cells produce lymphocytes, myeloid stem cells produce everything else

formation of red blood cells

formation happens when erythrocytes are unable to grow, divide, or synthesize proteins (100-120 days), then are eliminated by the phagocytes in the liver and spleen, they are then replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

how is the rate of formation of red blood cells controlled

erythropoietin, a hormone produced by kidneys as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood, homeostasis is maintained by a negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

how are platelets formed

produced by cell fragments from a hormone called thrombopoietin controlling the production

thrombocytopenia

a bleeding disorder in which platelets are deficient, even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

when does shock begin in blood loss

15-30% causes weakness, over 30% causes hypovolemic shock

thrombus

a clot in an unbroken blood vessel, can potentially be deadly if it is in the heart area

embolus

thrombus that breaks away into the blood stream, can clog vessels in critical areas like the brain

hemophilia

hereditary bleeding disorder, noraml clotting factors are missing

ABO blood group

based on presence/absence of two antigens; type A or type B, if someone has neither they are called blood type O

agglutination

how blood is typed, put antibodies in a sample of blood, if the blood clumps up then they have that antigen in their body

antibody

part of immune system, searches for antigens, if they are bad then an immune response is triggered

antigen

marker on outside of cell, tells "what am i :)?"

universal donor

type O; they have no antigens and therefore cannot trigger any antibodies in other bodies

universal recipient

type AB; they have all antigens so no antibodies in their body are triggered

cross matching

testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients serum and vice versa

hemolytic disease of newborn

in second pregnance if the mother if Rh-, and the baby is Rh+, the mothers immune system creates antibodies to attack the second babies Rh+ blood

physiologic jaundice

in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown fast enough

Rh blood group

named by presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was in Rhesus monkeys, Rh+ blood doesnt make antibodies, Rh- blood does, but only after it is exposed to Rh+

RhoGam

shot given to pregnant mothers to prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies when the baby is Rh+ and mother is Rh-

hemostasis

vascular spasms contract blood vessel, platelets stick to damaged site on endothelium, they then release serotonin which attracts more platelets to form a platelet plug, then PF3 is released from platelets, tissue factor in damaged tissue and calcium and other clotting factors in blood plasma are released that create the prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin into thrombin, which then joins soluble fibrinogen that converts into insoluble fibrin which forms the mesh