PHYL 141 FA25 Unit 2 Review Guide

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the PHYL 141 FA25 Unit 2 lecture notes, focusing on topics such as bone and joint structure, muscle tissue, and physiological processes.

Chondrocytes

Cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Cartilage

The network of proteins and molecules outside the cells in cartilage that provides structural and biochemical support.

GAGs (Glycosaminoglycans)

Polysaccharides that are a major component of the ground matrix in cartilage, contributing to its properties.

Types of Cartilage

The three types of cartilage are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, each with distinct structural properties and functions.

Cartilage vs Bone

Cartilage is flexible and avascular, while bone is rigid, vascularized, and mineralized.

Bone Remodeling

The process where old bone is replaced by new bone tissue throughout life.

Intramembranous Ossification

A process of bone formation that occurs directly from mesenchyme, leading to the formation of flat bones.

Endochondral Ossification

A process of bone formation that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; it primarily forms long bones.

Comparing Spongy and Compact Bone

Spongy bone is less dense and contains red marrow, while compact bone is dense, providing strength and structure.

Red Bone Marrow vs Yellow Bone Marrow

Red marrow produces blood cells, while yellow marrow stores fat.

Epiphyseal Plates vs Lines

Epiphyseal plates are areas of new bone growth in children; epiphyseal lines indicate cessation of growth in adults.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by weakened bones and increased risk of fractures due to loss of bone density.

Vitamins Important for Bone Growth

Key vitamins include Vitamin D (promotes calcium absorption) and Vitamin C (necessary for collagen synthesis).

Types of Joints

Joints can be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on their structure and function.

Synovial Joint

A type of joint that allows for a wide range of movement, characterized by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Flexion and Extension

Flexion decreases the angle between body parts, while extension increases it.

Muscle Tissue Types

The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary).

Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Neuromuscular Junction

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber, facilitating the transmission of signals for contraction.

Sarcomere

The basic contractile unit of muscle tissue, composed of actin and myosin filaments.

Isotonic vs Isometric Contraction

Isotonic contraction involves muscle length change with constant tension; isometric contraction involves tension without length change.

Agonist/Prime Mover

The muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement, while synergists assist and antagonists oppose the action.

Deep Back Muscles

Muscles that stabilize and move the spine, important for posture and movement.