emt chapter 10,11,16

Acidosis

the buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that results from a primary illness

Adevntitious breath sounds

Abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing,strider,rhonchi, and crackles

Alkalosis

The buildup of excessive base in body fluids(lack of acids)

Anaphylaxis

An extreme, life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure.

atelectasis

collapse of alveoli air spaces of the lungs

Bronchial breath sounds

normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi

bronchiolitits

inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus

Chronic bronchitis

Irritation of the major lung passageways from long-term exposure to infectious disease or irritants such as smoke.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation.

COVID-19

A respiratory disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. The virus is a coronavirus, similar to the one that causes the common cold.

crackles

Crackling, rattling breath sounds that signal fluid in the air spaces of the lungs.

Croup

A viral inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children.

Diptheria

An infectious disease in which a pseudomembrane forms, lining the pharynx; this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx.

Dsypnea

shortness of breath

embolus

A blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage.

Emphysema

A disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; it is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Epiglottitis

A bacterial infection in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction.

hay fever

An allergic response usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander; also called allergic rhinitis.

Hyperventilation

Rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal.

Hyperventilation syndrome

The syndrome occurs in the absence of physical problems. The respirations of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as 40 shallow breath/min or as low as 20 very deep breath/min. Often associated with panic attacks.

Hypoxia

A dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen.

Hypoxic drive

A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases.

influenza type A

Virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with the H1N1 strain.

metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

A miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs.

orothpnea

Severe dyspnea experience when lying down and relieved by sitting up.

Oxygenation

The process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs.

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breathe.

Pertussis (whooping cough)

An airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years. Patients will be feverish and exhibit a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection.

pleural effusion

A collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lungs

pleuritic chest pain

Sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura.

Pneumonia

An infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue.

pneumothorax

A accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity

pulmonary edema

A build up of fluid in the lungs, often a result of congestive heart failure

pulmonary ebolism

A blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung, causing obstruction of blood flow.

Respiration

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A virus that causes an infection of the lungs and breathing passages; can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. RSV is highly contagious and spread through droplets.

Rhonchi

Coarse, low-pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways.

small-volume nebulizer (SVN)

A respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. The patient inhales the medication into the airways and lungs as a treatment for conditions such as asthma.

Stridor

A harsh, high-pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway; may be audible without a stethoscope.

Tuberculosis

a contagious disease that attacks the lungs and that can remain dormant in a persons lungs for decades, then reactivate;many strains are resistant to antibiotics. TB is spread by cough.

Ventilation

Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT.

vesicular breath sounds

Normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alveoli.

Wheezing

A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways; occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.

Aerobic metabolism

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.

Aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs)

Any airway manipulation that induces the production of aerosols that may present a risk for airborne transmission of pathogens, such as CPR.

agonal gasps

abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

anaerobic metabolism

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid

Apnea

absence of spontaneous breathing

apenic oxygenation

A technique in which oxygen administered via a high-flow nasal cannula is left in place during an intubation attempt, allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into the airways during all phases of the procedure.

aspiration

In the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs.

ataxic respirations

Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern.

automatic transport ventilator (ATV)

A ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated.

bag-mask device

A device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen.

barrier device

A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids.

Bronchioles

Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli.

Capnography

A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism; effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time.

Capnometry

The use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide.

Carina

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

Chemoreceptors

Monitor the levels of O2, CO2, and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A cyclical pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea.

compliance

The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation.

Dead space

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.

Denitrogenation

The process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advanced airway management.

Diffusion

Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

direct laryngoscopy

Visualization of the airway with a laryngoscope.

endotracheal intubation

Insertion of an endotracheal tube directly through the larynx between the vocal cords and into the trachea to maintain and protect an airway

end-tidal CO2

The amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath.

Exhalation

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

external respiration

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration.

Glottis

The space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult's airway; also called the glottic opening.

hemothorax

a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

Hypercarbia

Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream.

Inhalation

The active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs.

internal respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood cells and tissues

intrapulmonary shunting

Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart.

labored breathing

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.

Larynx

A complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box.

Mediastinum

Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs.

Metabolism

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells;also called cellular respiration.

Nasopharyngeal airway

Airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient, or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently.

nasopharynx

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.

oropharyngeal airway

Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary.

oropharynx

A tubular structure that forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue.

parietal pleura

Thin membrane that lines the chest cavity.

passive ventilation

The act of air moving in and out of the lungs during chest compressions.

phrenic nerve

Two nerves that innervate the diaphragm;necessary for adequate breathing

pulse oximetry

An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds.

recovery position

A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately.

Retractions

Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration.

tidal volume

The amount of air (in mL) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath.

visceral pleura

Thin membrane that covers the lungs.

vital capacity

The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible