A&P 2 Practical 3 Definitions, Equations, and Values

air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

Tidal Volume (TV)

500 mL

Average Approximate Value of TV

air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

lung's ability to strech/expand, increases in smokers

Lung Compliance

2100-3200 mL

Average Approximate Value of IRV

air that can be inspired forcibly evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

1000-1200 mL

Average Approximate Value of ERV

air left in lungs after strenuous expiration

Residual Volume (RV)

1200 mL

Average Approximate Value of RV

total amount of exchangeable air

Vital Capacity (VC)

20-30%, lower

Females have approximately ___-____% ____________ (higher/lower) lung volumes and capacities than males

Increased RV, decreased VC, TLC, IRV, and ERV

Smoking causes increased ____ and decreased ___, _____, _____, and ____

Reduction in airflow, shortness of breath in exhaling, the air will remain inside the lung even after a full expiration

How are obstructive lung disorders characterized

COPD, asthma, Bronchiectasis

Examples of obstructive lung disorders

reduction in lung volume, difficulty taking air in due to stiffness inside the lung tissue or chest wall cavity

How are restrictive lung disorders characterized

Interstitial lung disease, scoliosis, neuromuscular cause, marked obesity

Examples of restrictive lung disorders

Tidal volume (TV)

part indicated in red

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

part indicated in red

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Residual volume (RV)

Maximum voluntary expiration

Vital Capacity (VC)

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

IRV=VC-(TV+ERV)

Equation to calculate IRV

VC=IRV+TV+ERV

Equation to calculate VC

RV=(VC)(Subject Age Factor)

Equation to calculate RV

0.250

Subject Age Factor ages 16-34

0.305

Subject Age Factor ages 35-49

0.445

Subject Age Factor ages 50-69

TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV

TLC=VC+RV

Equations to calculate TLC

bicarbonate equation, goes to the left (ending with Carbon Dioxide and water), it raises blood pH slightly to make sure it stays stable

What is this equation, which direction does it go in for the lungs, and what is it's function

smoker's lungs

lungs on the right

healthy lungs

lungs on the left

ability of lungs to recoil to original shape, decreases in smokers which makes exhaling more difficult

Lung elasticity

Oral/Nasal Cavities -->Pharynx --> Trachea --> Primary Bronchi --> Secondary Bronchi --> Tertiary Bronchi --> Bronchioles --> Terminal Bronchioles --> Respiratory Bronchioles --> Alveolar ducts --> Alveolar sacs --> Alveoli

Pathway of air through the lungs

Phenol red added in to water solution, blow into the solution with a straw, the solution should turn yellow (indication of increasing pH)

Phenol Red Test Procedure and Expected Results

Mouth (oral cavity) --> Oropharynx --> Laryngopharynx --> esophagus --> Lower esophageal sphincter --> Fundus of stomach --> body of stomach --> pyloric antrum of stomach --> pyloric sphincter --> Duodenum --> Jejunum --> Ileocecal valve --> Cecum --> ascending colon --> Hepatic flexure --> transverse colon --> splenic flexure --> descending colon --> sigmoid colon --> rectum --> anal canal --> anus

Pathway of Food through digestive system

CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-

Bicarb Equation

Using Benedict's reagent to detect presence of sugars; reagent added to solution, placed in hot water bath, and color change observed

Benedict's Test, what you're testing for

Blue color = no sugar, Green color = trace amounts of sugar, Yellow = moderate amounts of sugar, Red/orange = large amounts of sugar

Expected Results for Benedict's Test

Testing for presence of starch, add some iodine into your solution and observe the changes

Reagent Test -- Iodine, what you're testing for

Blue/Black color: positive for starch

Expected Results for Reagent Test -- Iodine

Determining is solution is acidic or basic, uses Litmus cream

Reagent Test -- Litmus Test, what you're testing for

Pink = acidic, blue/purple = basic

Expected Results for Reagent Test -- Litmus Test

Visceral pleura (on lungs), pleural space, parietal pleura lining chest cavity

Pleural Layers of Lungs

canal for food (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)

Alimentary canal

mechanical, propulsion

What type of digestion happens in the mouth

propulsion

What type of digestion happens in the esophagus

mechanical, chemical, propulsion

What type of digestion happens in the stomach

mechanical, chemical, absorption, propulsion

What type of digestion happens in the small intestine

mechanical, propulsion, absorption

What type of digestion happens in the large intestine

Ileum of small intestine

green part

Jejunum of small intestine

pink part

Duodenum

purple part

mucinous (mucus and enzymes)

What type of secretion does the sublingual salivary gland secrete

serous (water and enzymes)

What type of secretion does the parotid salivary gland secrete

mixed mucinous and serous

What type of secretion does the submandibular salivary gland secrete

stores beneficial gut bacteria, allowing them a safe place to repopulate

Appendix function

transports food and liquids from pharynx to stomach via peristalsis

Esophagus function

releases bile into small intestine to emulsify fat so it can be absorbed

Gallbladder function

finalizes digestion by absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins via gut bacteria from remaining food waste

Large intestine function

processes and stores nutrients, produces bile, detoxifies harmful substances, regulates blood sugar levels, metabolizes proteins, making blood-clotting factors

Liver function

initiates digestion through mechanical and chemical processespro

Mouth (oral cavity) function

produces digestive enzymes to break down fats, proteins, and starches

Pancreas function

produce salive to initiate digestion

Salivary glands function

nutrient absorption

Small intestine function

filters out old/dead red blood cells, stores white blood cells to fight infection

Spleen Function

storing, churning, and breaking down food by chemical substance called chyme

Stomach function

prevent food/liquid from entering airway and directing it into esophagus

Epiglottis function

transporting, filtering, warming, and humidifying air to the lungs

Trachea function

allows stomach to expand, increasing surface volume to accomodate food and drink without significant pressure increase

Rugae function

facilitate digestion via brush border enzymes, transport monosaccharides, amino acids, and fats into blood or lymphatic system

Function of absoprtive cells of Villi

secrete mucin glycoproteins to form a protective, lubricating mucus barrier

Function of goblet cells of Villi

absorbing dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Function of lacteal cells of Villi

maximizes nutrient absorption

Function of villi

final storage chamber for feces, recieving waste from sigmoid colon

Function of rectum