Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
ANATOMY
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
PHYSIOLOGY
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
GROSS (MACROSCOPIC) ANATOMY
Study of largebody structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys
gross anatomy three approached in different ways
regional anatomy, systematic anatomy and surface anatomy
regional anatomy
all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examine at the same time
systematic anatomy
body structure is studied system by system
surface anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface
microscopic anatomy
deals with stuctures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
microscopic anatomy subdivisions inclide:
histology and cytology
histology
the study of tissues at the microscopic level
cytology
the study of cells at the microscopic level
developmental anatomy
traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span
embryology
a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental anatomy, concerns developmentalchanges that occur before birth
renal physiology
concerns kidney function and urine production
neurophysiology
the study of how nervous stystem functions
cardiovascular physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
anatomical position
a reference position in which the body is standing erect. FACING FORWARD, ARMS DOWN AT THE SIDE, WITH THE PALMS TURNED FORWARD.
Superior (cranial)
toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body;above (The head is superior to the abdomen)
inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;below
anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front of the body;in front of
posterior (dorsal)
toward or at the back of the body;behind
medial
toward or at the midline of the body;on the innerside of
lateral
away from the midlineof the body; on the outer side of
intermediate
between amore medial and a more lateral structure
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the pointof attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the pont of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
deep (internal)
away from the body surface;more internal
axial region
refers to the main axis of the body
axial region
the head, neck, and trunk
appendicular region
refers to appendages
appendicular region
the arms andd legs
regional terms
use a body part to identify a particular region of the body. ex. nasal region refers to the nose
sagittal planes
divide a body organ verically into right and left parts
midsagittal plane
if the right and left parts are equal, what is the plane?
parasagittal plane
if they’re unequal, what is the plane?
frontal (coronal)
plane divides the body or organ into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross-section
cell
is the basic and smallest unit of all living things
ribosomes
a made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA
-may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
-manufacture enzymes and other proteins;often called protein factories
cytoskeleton
internal framework of cell
-made of microfilaments and microtubules
-provides support and movement of cell and organelles
size and shape
-human cells vary considerably in size; all are microscopic
-cells differ notably in shape
plasma membrane
forms outer boundary of cell
-composed of thin, two layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins
-is selectively permeable
cytoplasm
all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
-network of connecting sacs and canals
-rough ER collects, folds, and transports protein made by ribosomes
-carries subtances through cytoplasm
- smooth ER synthesizes chemicals;makes new membrane
golgi apparatus
- group of flattened sacs near nucleus
-collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane
-called the chemicals processing and packaging center
mitochondria
-composed of inner and outer membranous sacs
-involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
-often called power plants of the cell
lysosomes
-membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes
-have protective function (eat microbes)
formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (program cell death)
microtubule
organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus
centrioles
paired organelles that lie at right angles to each pther within the centrosome and functin in moving chromosomes during cell production
microvilli
short extensions of plasma membrane that increase surface area and produces slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell reproduction
cilia
a hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells
flagella
single projections (much longer than cilia) that act as “tails” of sperm cells
RIBOSOME
“protein factories” in the cell, made of RNA
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Tubelike passages that carry substances through cytoplasm
GOLGI APPARATUS
Chemically process and package substances from the endoplasmic reticulum
MITOCHONDRIA
“power house” of the cell; most of the cells ATP is formed here
lysosomes
bags of the digestive enzymes in the cell
flagella
a long cell projection used to propel sperm cells
cilia
short hairlike structures on the free surface of some cells
nucleus
directs protein synthesis;the brain of the cell
nucleolus
small structure in the nucleus; helps in the formation of ribosomes
plasma membrane
forms outer boundary of cell; selectively permeable
desmosomes
are protein attachments between adjacent cells
tight juntions
are tightly stitched seams between cells. The juntion comeplete encircles each cells, preventing the movement of the material
gap narrows
tunnels between cells that consists of proteins called connexons
dermis
thesecond layer of the skin, where we find capillaries and many nerve endings. Consists of various connective tissues,
two layers of dermis
the papillary and reticular layer
papillary layer
is a thin outer layer of areolar connective tissue with fingerlike projections papillae that protrude into the epidermis
reticular layer
is a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue. It lies deep to the papillary layer and makes up the dermis
hypodermis
(subcutaneous layer, or superficial fascial) lies between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
diploe
spongy bone tissue in flat bones
medullary cavity
filled with adipose tissue (soft, yellow bone narrow)
cartilage
has a flexibility of a firm plastic rather than the rigidity of bone
articular cartilage
a thin layer cartilage covering each epiphysis
spongy bone
houses red bone narrow
epiphysis
end of long bone
compact bone
dense outer layer of bone
endosteum
lines the medullary cavity
periosteum
houses blood vessels and nerves
medullary cavity
the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone
epiphysis
the ends of the bone—red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the epiphyses
periosteum
a strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage
axial skeleton
bones of the center, or axis of the body that make up the…
the two division of human skeleton
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
skull
it consists 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 tiny bones in the middle ear
hyoid bone
located in the neck, it is isolated from all other bones, it is connected by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones
CRANIAL BONES
parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid,& ethmoid
frontal (1)
forehead bones; also forms front part of floor of cranium and most of upper part eye sockets, cavity inside bone upper margins of eye sockets (orbits)
parietal (2)
form bulging topsides of cranium
temporal (2)
form lower sides of cranium;contain middle and inner ear structures
occipital (1)
forms back of the skull:spinal cord enters cranium through large hole (foramen magnum)
sphenoid (1)
forms central part of the floor of cranium; pituary gland located in small depression called sella turcica
ethmoid (1)
uniquely shaped bone that helps from floor of cranium
face bones
nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha,& vorner
nasal (2)
small bones that form upper part of bridge of nose
maxilla (2)
upper jawbones; also helps form roof of mouth, floor, and side walls of nose and floor of orbit: large cavity in maxillary bone is maxillary sinus
zygomatic (2)
cheek bones; also help form orbit
mandible (1)
lower jawbone articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process; only bone of skull that moves freely ; mental foromen is hole for blood vessels and nerves