stm 010 1ST ACHIEVEMENT TEST (copy) (copy)

ANATOMY

ANATOMY

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

PHYSIOLOGY

Study of how the body and its parts work or function

GROSS (MACROSCOPIC) ANATOMY

Study of largebody structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys

gross anatomy three approached in different ways

regional anatomy, systematic anatomy and surface anatomy

regional anatomy

all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examine at the same time

systematic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system

surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface

microscopic anatomy

deals with stuctures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

microscopic anatomy subdivisions inclide:

histology and cytology

histology

the study of tissues at the microscopic level

cytology

the study of cells at the microscopic level

developmental anatomy

traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

embryology

a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental anatomy, concerns developmentalchanges that occur before birth

renal physiology

concerns kidney function and urine production

neurophysiology

the study of how nervous stystem functions

cardiovascular physiology

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

anatomical position

a reference position in which the body is standing erect. FACING FORWARD, ARMS DOWN AT THE SIDE, WITH THE PALMS TURNED FORWARD.

Superior (cranial)

toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body;above (The head is superior to the abdomen)

inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;below

anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body;in front of

posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the back of the body;behind

medial

toward or at the midline of the body;on the innerside of

lateral

away from the midlineof the body; on the outer side of

intermediate

between amore medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the pointof attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the pont of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

deep (internal)

away from the body surface;more internal

axial region

refers to the main axis of the body

axial region

the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular region

refers to appendages

appendicular region

the arms andd legs

regional terms

use a body part to identify a particular region of the body. ex. nasal region refers to the nose

sagittal planes

divide a body organ verically into right and left parts

midsagittal plane

if the right and left parts are equal, what is the plane?

parasagittal plane

if they’re unequal, what is the plane?

frontal (coronal)

plane divides the body or organ into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross-section

cell

is the basic and smallest unit of all living things

ribosomes

a made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA

-may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm

-manufacture enzymes and other proteins;often called protein factories

cytoskeleton

internal framework of cell

-made of microfilaments and microtubules

-provides support and movement of cell and organelles

size and shape

-human cells vary considerably in size; all are microscopic

-cells differ notably in shape

plasma membrane

forms outer boundary of cell

-composed of thin, two layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins

-is selectively permeable

cytoplasm

all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

endoplasmic reticulum

-network of connecting sacs and canals

-rough ER collects, folds, and transports protein made by ribosomes

-carries subtances through cytoplasm

- smooth ER synthesizes chemicals;makes new membrane

golgi apparatus

- group of flattened sacs near nucleus

-collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane

-called the chemicals processing and packaging center

mitochondria

-composed of inner and outer membranous sacs

-involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)

-often called power plants of the cell

lysosomes

-membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes

-have protective function (eat microbes)

formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (program cell death)

microtubule

organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus

centrioles

paired organelles that lie at right angles to each pther within the centrosome and functin in moving chromosomes during cell production

microvilli

short extensions of plasma membrane that increase surface area and produces slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell reproduction

cilia

a hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells

flagella

single projections (much longer than cilia) that act as “tails” of sperm cells

RIBOSOME

“protein factories” in the cell, made of RNA

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Tubelike passages that carry substances through cytoplasm

GOLGI APPARATUS

Chemically process and package substances from the endoplasmic reticulum

MITOCHONDRIA

“power house” of the cell; most of the cells ATP is formed here

lysosomes

bags of the digestive enzymes in the cell

flagella

a long cell projection used to propel sperm cells

cilia

short hairlike structures on the free surface of some cells

nucleus

directs protein synthesis;the brain of the cell

nucleolus

small structure in the nucleus; helps in the formation of ribosomes

plasma membrane

forms outer boundary of cell; selectively permeable

desmosomes

are protein attachments between adjacent cells

tight juntions

are tightly stitched seams between cells. The juntion comeplete encircles each cells, preventing the movement of the material

gap narrows

tunnels between cells that consists of proteins called connexons

dermis

thesecond layer of the skin, where we find capillaries and many nerve endings. Consists of various connective tissues,

two layers of dermis

the papillary and reticular layer

papillary layer

is a thin outer layer of areolar connective tissue with fingerlike projections papillae that protrude into the epidermis

reticular layer

is a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue. It lies deep to the papillary layer and makes up the dermis

hypodermis

(subcutaneous layer, or superficial fascial) lies between the dermis and underlying tissues and organs

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

diploe

spongy bone tissue in flat bones

medullary cavity

filled with adipose tissue (soft, yellow bone narrow)

cartilage

has a flexibility of a firm plastic rather than the rigidity of bone

articular cartilage

a thin layer cartilage covering each epiphysis

spongy bone

houses red bone narrow

epiphysis

end of long bone

compact bone

dense outer layer of bone

endosteum

lines the medullary cavity

periosteum

houses blood vessels and nerves

medullary cavity

the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone

epiphysis

the ends of the bone—red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the epiphyses

periosteum

a strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage

axial skeleton

bones of the center, or axis of the body that make up the…

the two division of human skeleton

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

skull

it consists 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 tiny bones in the middle ear

hyoid bone

located in the neck, it is isolated from all other bones, it is connected by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones

CRANIAL BONES

parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid,& ethmoid

frontal (1)

forehead bones; also forms front part of floor of cranium and most of upper part eye sockets, cavity inside bone upper margins of eye sockets (orbits)

parietal (2)

form bulging topsides of cranium

temporal (2)

form lower sides of cranium;contain middle and inner ear structures

occipital (1)

forms back of the skull:spinal cord enters cranium through large hole (foramen magnum)

sphenoid (1)

forms central part of the floor of cranium; pituary gland located in small depression called sella turcica

ethmoid (1)

uniquely shaped bone that helps from floor of cranium

face bones

nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha,& vorner

nasal (2)

small bones that form upper part of bridge of nose

maxilla (2)

upper jawbones; also helps form roof of mouth, floor, and side walls of nose and floor of orbit: large cavity in maxillary bone is maxillary sinus

zygomatic (2)

cheek bones; also help form orbit

mandible (1)

lower jawbone articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process; only bone of skull that moves freely ; mental foromen is hole for blood vessels and nerves