Coined the term “cell” because they looked like tiny chambers
Hooke
Discovered bacteria from dental scrapings
Leeuwenhoek
Said plants are made of cells
Schleiden
Said animals were made from cells
Schwaan
Said that cells came from division of existing cells
Virchow
All living organisms are made up of cells Cells are the smallest unit of organization Cells come from preexisting cells
Cell theory
Contain nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Unicellular or multicellular ex. plants and animals Mitochondria
Eukaryotic
Do not contain nucleus and other membrane bound organelles Unicellular ex. bacteria archaea No mitochondria
Prokaryotic
Have ribosomes DNA exists that relates to genes
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Contains DNA of the cell. Control center of the cell.
Nucleus
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cell Membrane
Begins assembly of ribosomes
Nucleolus
Creates polypeptide chains and protein. Factory of the cell.
Ribosome
Proteins are assembled and transferred in and out of the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Creates lipids for the cell membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Modify, sort, and ship proteins and lipids. Post office of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Makes ATP (energy). Powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
Cellular organelles that are composed of a lipid bilayer. Also metabolism and enzyme storage as well. Envelopes of the cell.
Vesicles
Uses enzymes to break down old organelles and macromolecules. Garbage disposal of the cell.
Lysosome
Cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplast
Organelles found only in Plant Cells
Gives plant cells extra stability and structure
Cell Wall
Stores water, salts, and carbohydrates. Kitchen of the cell.
Large Central Vacuole
Captures energy from light for photosynthesis. Solar panels of the cell.
Chloroplast
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Protein production; in particular for export out of the cell
Golgi apparatus Protein modification and export
Peroxisome Lipid Destruction; contains oxidative enzymes
Lysosome Protein destruction
Steps and organelles involved when a cell makes and exports a protein
Controls what enters and exits the cell
Barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out
Gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products
Functions of the cell membrane
Changes in structure and behavior of cell membrane under different temperatures Constant movement of those pieces (phospholipids)
Fluid mosaic mean/behave
Water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink
Hypertonic
There is no net water movement, so there is no change in the size of the cell
Isotonic
Water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell.
Hypotonic
Passive transport
Type of Transport Uses no Energy
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Types of Passive Transport
High-Low Concentration
Process in which solutes are passed through the concentration gradient in a solution across a semipermeable membrane
How oxygen and carbon dioxide travel across the membrane
Simple Diffusion
Diffusion with the help of a transport protein
Charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient
ex: protein channel(tunnel) and carrier proteins(ferry)
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Moves toward the solute to try and reach equilibrium
ex: absorption of water from soil
Osmosis
Cell does use energy (low to high concentration), not random
Active movement
Against chemical gradient
Active Transport
Active transport, takes in bulky material into a cell
Endocytosis
Forces material out of the cell in bulk
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Process by which white blood cells engulf a bacterium
When a neuron is at rest, briefly explain the role of the Na+/K+ pump. What type of transport is this? What is the charge on the inside of the cell?
3 Na+ out and 2 k+ in; Active transport; Negative charge
When an action potential is triggered (depolarization), briefly explain the role of the Na+ channels. What type of transport is this? What is the resulting charge on the inside of the cell?
Sodium channels open and Na+ comes in; Passive transport; Positive charge
After an action potential during repolarization, briefly explain the role of the K+ channels. What type of transport is this? What is the resulting charge on the inside of the cell?
Sodium channels close and potassium channels open; Passive transport; Positive charge
Brain and spinal cord
Parts of the Central Nervous System
Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands
Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.
Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system. Sensory involves the 5 senses. Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.
Difference between a sensory and a motor neuron
Sodium
Na+
Potassium
k+
More solute out
Hypertonic
More solute in
Hypotonic