Unit 4 Bio

Coined the term “cell” because they looked like tiny chambers

Hooke

Discovered bacteria from dental scrapings

Leeuwenhoek

Said plants are made of cells

Schleiden

Said animals were made from cells

Schwaan

Said that cells came from division of existing cells

Virchow

All living organisms are made up of cells
Cells are the smallest unit of organization
Cells come from preexisting cells

Cell theory

Contain nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Unicellular or multicellular
ex. plants and animals
Mitochondria

Eukaryotic

Do not contain nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Unicellular
ex. bacteria archaea
No mitochondria

Prokaryotic

Have ribosomes
DNA exists that relates to genes

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Contains DNA of the cell. Control center of the cell.

Nucleus

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Membrane

Begins assembly of ribosomes

Nucleolus

Creates polypeptide chains and protein. Factory of the cell.

Ribosome

Proteins are assembled and transferred in and out of the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Creates lipids for the cell membrane

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Modify, sort, and ship proteins and lipids. Post office of the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Makes ATP (energy). Powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria

Cellular organelles that are composed of a lipid bilayer. Also metabolism and enzyme storage as well. Envelopes of the cell.

Vesicles

Uses enzymes to break down old organelles and macromolecules. Garbage disposal of the cell.

Lysosome

Cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplast

Organelles found only in Plant Cells

Gives plant cells extra stability and structure

Cell Wall

Stores water, salts, and carbohydrates. Kitchen of the cell.

Large Central Vacuole

Captures energy from light for photosynthesis. Solar panels of the cell.

Chloroplast

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Protein production; in particular for export out of the cell

Golgi apparatus
Protein modification and export

Peroxisome
Lipid Destruction; contains oxidative enzymes

Lysosome
Protein destruction

Steps and organelles involved when a cell makes and exports a protein

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out

Gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products

Functions of the cell membrane

Changes in structure and behavior of cell membrane under different temperatures
Constant movement of those pieces (phospholipids)

Fluid mosaic mean/behave

Water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink

Hypertonic

There is no net water movement, so there is no change in the size of the cell

Isotonic

Water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell.

Hypotonic

Passive transport

Type of Transport Uses no Energy

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Types of Passive Transport

High-Low Concentration

Process in which solutes are passed through the concentration gradient in a solution across a semipermeable membrane

How oxygen and carbon dioxide travel across the membrane

Simple Diffusion

Diffusion with the help of a transport protein

Charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient

ex: protein channel(tunnel) and carrier proteins(ferry)

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Moves toward the solute to try and reach equilibrium

ex: absorption of water from soil

Osmosis

Cell does use energy (low to high concentration), not random

Active movement

Against chemical gradient

Active Transport

Active transport, takes in bulky material into a cell

Endocytosis

Forces material out of the cell in bulk

Exocytosis

Phagocytosis

Process by which white blood cells engulf a bacterium

When a neuron is at rest, briefly explain the role of the Na+/K+ pump. What type of transport is this? What is the charge on the inside of the cell?

3 Na+ out and 2 k+ in; Active transport; Negative charge

When an action potential is triggered (depolarization), briefly explain the role of the Na+ channels. What type of transport is this? What is the resulting charge on the inside of the cell?

Sodium channels open and Na+ comes in; Passive transport; Positive charge

After an action potential during repolarization, briefly explain the role of the K+ channels. What type of transport is this? What is the resulting charge on the inside of the cell?

Sodium channels close and potassium channels open; Passive transport; Positive charge

Brain and spinal cord

Parts of the Central Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands

Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.

Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system. Sensory involves the 5 senses.
Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.

Difference between a sensory and a motor neuron

Sodium

Na+

Potassium

k+

More solute out

Hypertonic

More solute in

Hypotonic