Anatomy and physiology pro exam 1

Inferior

The heart is _____________ to the brain.

RUQ

The gallbladder is located in which of the following quadrants?

Cervical

The anatomical term for your 'neck' is:

The labor and delivery process

Which of the following is associated with a positive feedback mechanism?

Urinary System

Which of the following organ systems plays a major role in cleaning/filtering our blood?

organ

Your femur bone (bone in your thigh) would fall under which of the following levels of structural organization?

Superficial

Your sternum is __________ to your heart.

Transverse

Which of the following planes separates the body into superior and inferior sections?

Serous fluid

Name the fluid found between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of our membranes.

Which of the following regions would be considered the most superior?

Epigastric region

frontal

The plane that passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into anterior and posterior portions is called the __________ plane.

visceral peritoneum

The ______ wraps around the stomach, small intestine, and parts of the large intestine.

homeostasis

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.

superficial

The visceral pericardium is __________ to the parietal pericardium.

thoracic; pleurae

The __________ cavity contains the lungs, which are enfolded in the __________.

Why is precise spelling important in anatomy?

There are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures.

Anatomical

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of what type of variation among organisms?

Receptor, integrating (control) center, and effector

What are the three common components of a feedback loop?

respiratory; circulatory

The __________ system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air, whereas the __________ system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Palms facing hips

Which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position?

frontal

An image of a typical chest X-ray shows a(an) __________ view of the thoracic region.

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

positive feedback

anterior

The sternum (breastbone) is __________ to the vertebral column.

organ; organelles

An __________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas __________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

a serous membrane

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are each lined with ___________.

digestive

The __________ system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

thoracic; cranial

The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity.

the digestive system is considered an

organ

negative feedback

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

part of the small intestine; part of the hip bone

The ileum is __________, whereas the ilium is ____________.

urinary

The __________ system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, eliminates wastes and detoxifies the body, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Most of the stomach is located in the _________ of the abdomen.

Physiological variation

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. What is this is an example of?

Fat

Which of these is hydrophobic?

buffer

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) __________.

electrons

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its __________.

anabolism; catabolism

Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________.

H₂CO₃

In the following reaction, what is(are) the product(s)?  CO₂ + H₂O ---> H₂CO₃

oxygen

The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is __________.

Isotopes

__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.

12 neutrons and 11 protons

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has __________.

anion

An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrons, and 11 protons is a(n) __________.

A chemical that dissociates in water producing a solution that can conduct electricity

Which of the following is the correct definition of the term "electrolyte"?

The valence shell has 8 electrons.

You have stumbled across a chemical structure that has the following components:

15 protons

15 neutrons

16 electrons

Which of the following is true?

4

Your atom has an atomic number of 14. How many valence electrons does it have?

14

Your atom has an atomic number of 14. How many electrons does it have?

fructose

Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate monomer?

CO2

Which of the following is considered to be inorganic?

Nitrogen

Which of the following is unique to proteins as opposed to carbohydrates and lipids?

Bleach with a pH of 13

Which of the following is considered to be 100x more alkaline than an ammonia solution with a pH of 11?

Tertiary

At what stage/shape is a protein first considered to be functional?

Proteins

Enzymes are __________.

Uracil

Which of the following nucleotides is only found in RNA?

anaphase

Sister chromatids (chromosomes) are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during _________ of the cell cycle.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?

46; 92

A cell finishing mitosis has _________DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has _________DNA molecules.

recessive

If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a _________ allele.

25%

The allele for normal hemoglobin (H) is dominant to the allele for sickle-cell hemoglobin (h). A male and female who are both Hh for sickle-cell hemoglobin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have sickle-cell hemoglobin??

Thymine

Which of the following is not found in RNA?

Interphase

The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called _________________.

150

The gene coding for a polypeptide made of 50 amino acids would have a minimum of _________ nitrogenous bases.

DNA

Which of the following is not directly involved in translation?

transcription; translation

Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called _________; using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called _________

ACGGTA

What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT?

46; 92

A cell finishing mitosis has __________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has __________ DNA molecules.

DNA

Which of the following is not directly involved in translation?

nucleus; cytoplasm

Transcription occurs in the __________, but most translation occurs in the __________.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle?

G₁, S, G₂, M

Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis

The stage of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is called

Thymine

Which of the following is not found in RNA?

Thymine

In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?

two identical daughter cells

Mitosis results in the formation of __________.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which of the following accurately shows the sequence of the phases of mitosis?

Anaphase

In which phase of mitosis are the chromatids split from one another?

Transcription

Which of the following processes takes place within the nucleus?

Transcription

What is the term for the process that produces RNA from a DNA template?

A-T and C-G

Which of the following represents the proper complementary base pairings in DNA?

mRNA

What must leave the nucleus in order for the process of translation begin?

Ribosomes

What "reads" the mRNA?

Anatomy

is the study of the structure and organization of the body parts

physiology

study of how structures funtion

dissection, histology, imaging, endoscopy

Ways of studying human anatomy
- physical exploration and examination of cadavers

-study of tissue under a microscope

-techniques including MRI, CT scans, X-rays

-Internal visualization using a lighted instrument

Organism, system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

Levels of human structure (from complex to simple)(7)

reductionist, holistic

-breaking down complex systems into simpler components for detailed study

-Understanding the entire system as a whole

homeostasis

-it is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

Negative feedback, positive feedback

-a regulatory mechanism that counteracts changes to maintain stability ex being sweating when body temp rises

-mechanism that amplifies a change, leading to an endpoint ex being a fever or blood clotting

Gradient

-a gradual change in chemical concentration, temperature, pressure, or other forms of properties

x-rays, ct scans, MRI, untralsound

Types of medical imaging

-bones and dense tissue

-detailed cross-section images

-soft tissues, organs, and the nervous system

-sound waves for real-time imaging

standard body position, positioning terms, planes, regions

Location based on anatomical position

-standing facing forward arms at the side

-superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral

-sagittal, frontal, transverse

-quadrants and specific areas of the body

oxygen. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous

list the 6 most abundant elements

isotopes

-are a variant of a chemical element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. They can be created through processes like nuclear reactions.

electrolytes

are ions that carry an electric charge and play crucial roles in maintain fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle.

free radicals

are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and various diseases. The body had defense mechanisms such as antioxidants, enzymes, and repair systems.

solutions, colloids, suspensions

-are homogeneous mixtures where one substance is uniformly dissolved in another. examples in the body include blood plasms and intracellular fluids

-are mixtures with large particles dispersed in a medium. examples include cytoplasm and extracellular fluids.

-have larger particles that settle over time. Blood, with its cellular components is an example of suspension in the body

Buffers

-are substances that resist changes in pH by either accepting or releasing hydrogen ions.

temperature, reactants, area, catalysts, and pressure.

Factors that affect chemical reaction rates include

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• -concentration of….

• -surface…

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