AP Biology - Organelles

cell membrane

protects the interior cell from the outside environment, controls the passage of molecules

• made up of two layers of phospholipids

• found in BOTH

cytoplasm

fluid inside of the cell, allows for a stable environment, carries flyaway ribosomes

• jelly-like fluid substance

• found in BOTH

nucleus / nuclear envelope

houses genetic material (DNA), site for the synthesis of ribosomes

• envelope: lipid bi layer containing a gel-like substance

• found in EUKARYOTES

rough ER

production of transmembrane and and organelle proteins, folding and modifying them

• studded with ribosomes, network of tubules and flat sacks made of membranes

• found in EUKARYOTES

smooth ER

place where phospholipids, fatty acids, and steroid hormones are synthesized

• lacks ribosomes, network of tubules and flat sacks made of membranes

• found in EUKARYOTES

golgi apparatus

modifies and sorts the proteins and lipids produced by the ER

• not physically continuous with the ER, sorts, packages, and tags

• found in EUKARYOTES

vesicle

carry lipids and proteins through the pathway, modifying and delivering them along the pathway

• ER→golgi apparatus→cell membrane

• found in EUKARYOTES

lysosome

specialized vesicles that degrade damaged/unneeded macromolecules for reuse in cell

• similar look to vesicles, membranous sack

• found in EUKARYOTES

mitochondria

harnesses energy from organic molecules, site of metabolic processes

• rod-shaped organelle with two membranes, smooth outer, convoluted inner

• found in EUKARYOTES

chloroplast

in PHOTOSYNTHETIC eukaryotes, capture the energy of the sun to synthesize simple sugars

• site of photosynthesis

• found in plant EUKARYOTES

cell wall

provides structural support, cell shape, protection

• rigid structure, outside the cell membrane

• found in BOTH, but NOT animal

cytoskeleton

maintain cell shape, movement, structural support, and ability to transport

• made of polymers of protein subunits

• found in BOTH

vacuole

maintains cell size/shape, stores water and waste products and provides structural support and protection

• stores water, membranous sac

• found in BOTH, but NOT animal

prokaryotes

• NO nucleus

• bacteria and arcaea

• single celled

• looped DNA

• 1-10 micrometers

• few organelles

eukaryotic

• HAS a nucleus

• plants and animals

• has cilia

• single celled or multicellular

• linear DNA

• 10-100 micrometers

• organelles

both

• cell wall

• cell membrane, contain cytoplasm

• contain DNA

• have ribosomes