Final Exam Knowt

General Deterrence

Members of society will not commit crimes when they see the punishment of that crime

Specific Deterrence

An individual will not commit another crime because of the punishment of their previous crime

Cesare Beccaria

Classical School

Cesare Lombroso

Positive School/Theory of Avatism

Jeremy Beutham

Hedonistic Calculus

Walnut Street Jail

First penitentiary in the U.S. developed in Philadelphia, PA and established by Dr. Benjamin Rush and the Philadelphia Society; total isolation, no communication, requirement to wear masks, given work in cells, encouraged to read Bible

PA System

Known as the “separate but silent” systems which emphasized solitary confinement and prohibited inmates working together in groups

Auburn System

Known as the “congregate but silent” systems which was cheaper to operate, produced more goods, and had less occurrence of mental illness

Bail

The amount of money the accused must post to guarantee his/her appearance in court which may be required in cash, or the offender may be able to use a bondsman

What are some things the district justice will look at when determining bail?

Severity of the crime, prior criminal history, ties to the community, and flight risk

Concurrent Sentences

Sentences at the same time

Consecutive Sentences

Sentence one right after another

What is the primary and secondary roles of a probation officer?

Primary - protection of the public and hold people accountable for their actions; secondary roles - rehabilitation

R.O.R. (Release on Recognizance)

When the accused is released from confinement prior to trial with solely the promise to return to court proceedings without any money or collateral posted

8th Amendment

Right against cruel and unusual punishment

What case is associated with the 8th amendment?

Rhodes v. Chapman

Broken Window Probation Supervision

Probation partners with citizen groups, churches and other neighborhood organizations to take responsibility for supervising offenders emphasizing public safety, allocates resources according to risk and need assessment as it mimics community policing philosophy

Broken Windows Concept

Failure to fix broken windows shows disorder and lack of concern which leads to increased hear and withdrawal

Boot Camps

A voluntary program that an offender must qualify for depending on their criminal history, sentence, age, and physical fitness

What happens if you successfully complete a boot camp?

Reduced Sentence

Rhodes v. Chapman

Inmates double bunked in single cells was not a violation of the 8th amendment

John Augustus

Shoemaker and Father of Probation

Standard Probation Conditions

Conditions of probation are conditions assigned to all probation cases by the courts. They include conditions such as abstain from the use of drugs, refrain from assault, and from prohibition of possession of a weapon

Special Probation Conditions

Conditions of probation that are tailored to an individual probationer. Imposed on a case-by-case basis by the sentencing judge at his or her discretion

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcements (ICE)

A public correctional facility that houses illegal aliens pending hearing or deportation

Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex

Parole is a privilege, not a right

Alexander Maconochie

Father of parole that determined that punishment should be focused on reform and a “mark system” where inmates could earn early release by good behavior should be implemented.

What is Maconochie’s Four Stages of Release?

Penal stage, associated stage, social stage, and ticket to leave

Sir Walter Crofton

Director of Irish Penal System who adopted Maconochie’s stages of graduated release

Penal Servitude Act

The act allowed prisoners to be released on a “tick of leave” while supervised by the police developed by the British parliament based on Maconochie’s philosophies

Total Institution

A concept developed by Erving Goffman where staff supervise all spheres of daily life, environment highly standardized, and rules/schedules dictate how each daily activity is performed

What is Erving’s view on total institution?

This may work for some, but others become confused hostile, bitter, and reduces individuals’ capacity for independent living

Bruscino v. Carlson

SCOTUS allowed inmates to be locked in their cells all but 5 hours per week because it was not a traditional prison, extremely dangerous individuals were housed there, and for other security purposes

Elizabeth Fry

English woman and Quaker who advocated for women’s rights in the early 1800’s, hiring female guards in prisons, separating women from men, and decreasing hard labor for women

Collateral Contact

Obtaining information from sources other than the client to support assessment, evaluation, or treatment. Sources can include family members, friends, or other individuals who have knowledge of the client’s situation.

Parole Officers

Officers responsible for supervising individuals who have been released from prison before completing their full sentences.

Parole

The release of an inmate from incarceration prior to their maximum term of sentence

Unit Management

Organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population while making staff more accessible to inmates

What does unit management do?

Enhances communication

Why are staff offices in the housing units?

Make them more accessible, monitor inmate activities, and observe inmate behavior

What are correctional officers like?

Need for constant vigilance, stress and danger of the job, gain compliance by enacting discipline, organizational stress, and critical to daily management and carrying out policies of prison

Correctional officers make up approximately ___ of all prison staff

2/3

What is prison life like for a correctional officer?

Assist in the accomplishment of the prison’s mission, need to buy in to the prison’s culture, maintain control and order in the prison, responsible for constant supervision of inmates, important to adhere strictly to prison policy and procedures, and maintain close communication with inmates

What are some of the correctional officer assignments?

Housing units, yard, perimeter security, relief, administration, activities, and industrial shop/school

Post Orders

A written description of the activities performed throughout the shift/day for each assigned post

Post Log Book

Contains all important facets of a post, used to pass on all important information, review at beginning of shift, add shift information prior to end of your shift, and all visitors to the post must log in and out with name and time

Mass Move Times

Inmates are able to move/travel to and from mass activities such as yard, activities, and chow for a designated amount of time. Prevent prolonged contact with other inmates, messaging, planning/plotting, and accountability in unauthorized areas

Individual Move Times

Used for inmates attending event at prescribed time such as visiting, counselor appointment, or doctor. If inmate has to be taken off grounds, inmate may not be notified till last minute in order to prevent planning for escape and ambush of transporting officers

Inmates must have a ____ to move within prison

Pass

Count Time

One of the most important tasks for security, prevention, and escape which must be completed several times throughout a 24-hour period where all inmate movement halts and the count must clear, or the procedure re-done until it clears or all inmates are accounted for

Searches by C.O.

C.O’s have a choice between targeted and random searches

Contraband

Any item that inmates are not allowed to possess, including items that can assist in an escape, are dangerous, can undermine prison physical security, or are nuisance items

Dothard v. Rawlinson

1977 Supreme Court case regarding a woman who was denied a position as a correctional officer in an Alabama male prison

Gunther v. Iowa

1979 case in the U.S. District Court of Iowa in which the court determined that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to refuse to hire women as correctional officers

Hostage Negotiation Teams

A team of eight to ten prison employees with excellent communication skills and ability to perform under stress with the principal role to open lines of communication between staff and hostage takers

Disturbance Control Team/Corrections Emergency Response Team

An emergency team with the primary mission of controlling inmates during riot situations by using defensive tactics and equipment to move, isolate, and get them to give up and stop the disturbance

Cell Extraction Teams

Teams of 5 remove an inmate from a cell if they are unruly or refusing orders to leave the cell for court of placement in an RHU/SHU

Special Emergency Response Team

An emergency team trained in the use of lethal force when all else fails to resolve an emergency situation

Rehabilitation

The action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness

Treatment

The creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders that make success in the community more difficult

Pre-release

An inmate is in pre-release status if released from a SCI to a pre-release center in the community and has not yet been paroled (may be on furlough status)

Furlough status

Can spend the majority of the time outside the center and reside at an approved home plan for up to 6 days per week

State Intermediate Punishment

Alternative sentencing program provided by the department of corrections for reentrants with drug and/or alcohol related crimes

State Intermediate Punishment Sentencing Numbers

Flat 24-month sentence (7 months DOC → 2 months therapeutic community → 6 months IPT → Balance at CCC)

Therapeutic Communities

Structured group therapy environments that focus on treating long-term mental illness, disorder, or addiction

Parole Violator Centers

An effort that uses evidence-based strategy to manage individuals who have committed non-violent, technical parole violations