AP psych Unit 7

Motivation

Motivation

Desires that influence behaviors

Instinct

Unlearned reactions that appear within all members of a species

Instinct theory

An early motivation theory that tried to categorize behaviors as different types of instincts. Later proven false

Drive-reduction theory

A motivation theory that states the body's physiological needs create a drive (state of arousal) that motivates organisms to fulfill the need

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment required for survival

Incentive

Stimuli that either encourge or discourage a behavior

Incentive theory

A theory of motivation that stresses the importance of external incentives/motivation over internal ones

Optimal arousal theory

A theory of motivation that suggests organisms have an ideal level of arousal that they attempt to maintain

Arousal theory

A theory of motivation stating that extremely high or low arousal leads to poor performance, so moderate arousal is best for optimal performance. Slightly less arousal is better for difficult tasks while slightly more arousal is better for easy tasks

Yerkes-Dodson law

A law stating that extremely high or low arousal leads to poor performance, so moderate arousal is best for optimal performance. Slightly less arousal is better for difficult tasks while slightly more arousal is better for easy tasks

Abraham Maslow

Famous for the creation of the hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory of motivation created by Abraham Maslow presented as a list of priorities, usually shown as a pyramid, that a person must fulfill to reach the next level

Physiological need

The 1st, lowest, and most important priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This categorizes all basic needs required to survive such as food, water, and shelter

Safety need

The 2nd priority in Maslow's hierachy of needs. This catgorizes the need to feel safe and secure such as by having a stable job, medical insurance, etc

Belonging need

The 3rd priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This categorizes the need to belong such as by having strong relationships and loving family members

Love and belonging need

The 3rd priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This categorizes the need to belong such as by having strong relationships and loving family members

Self-esteem need

The 4th priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This categorizes the need to have respect for oneself. A person needs to feel wanted and capable

Self-actualization

The 5th and last (?) priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This catgeorizes the need to reach one's full potential.

Self-transcendence

The 6th and last priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This catgeorizes the need to influence the world beyond oneself

Glucose

A major source of cellular energy circulated through blood. Lower glucose levels (blood sugar levels) can cause feelings of hunger

Set point

A set weight that an organism tends to stay around

Basal metabolic rate

The amount of energy the body consumes when resting

Ghrelin

A hormone responsible for triggering feelings of being hungry

Leptin

A hormone responsible for triggering feelings of being full

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels

Orexin

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that triggers feelings of being hungry

PYY

A hormone secreted by the digestive tract that triggers feelings of being full

Sexual response cycle

Four stages of physiological changes during sex

Excitement phase

The first stage of the sexual response cycle when blood rushes to the genitals alongside other physiological changes

Plateu phase

The second stage of the sexual response cycle where breathing, pulse, and blood pressure continue to increase and both types of genitals begin secretions

Orgasm

The third stage of the sexual response cycle where pulse peaks and the female uterus is position to more efficiently take in sperm

Resolution phase

The four stage of the sexual response cycle where blood leaves the genitals and a refractory period begins. This period is longer in men than in women

Sexual dysfunction

A category of symptoms that somehow interfer with proper sexual arousal or completion

Estrogen

A sex hormone found more readily in females, thus contributing to development of female sex characteristics

Testosterone

A sec hormone found more readily in makes, thus contributing to development of male sex characteristics

Insecure anxious attachment

A type of attachment in adults characterized by the desire for attention and approval while cautiously avoiding rejection

Insecure avoidant attachment

A type of attachment in adults characterized by avoiding close relationships

Emotion

A response to a stimuli consisting of a physiological, behavioral, and conscious experience

James-Lange theory

A theory of emotion that states emotion directly follows a physiological reaction

Cannon-Bard theory

A theory of emotion that states emotion occurs at the same time as a physiological reaction

Two-factor theory

A theory of emotion that states emotion occurs after a physiological reaction, followed by a cognitive appraisal.

Schachter-Singer theory

A theory of emotion that states emotion occurs after a physiological reaction, followed by a cognitive appraisal.

Schacter Two-Factor theory

A theory of emotion that states emotion occurs after a physiological reaction, followed by a cognitive appraisal.

Spillover effect

A phenomenon where emotion reactions depend on the cognitive appraisal of the person. Emotions can also spread between people

Robert Zajonc

Known for their belief that emotions can occur without conscious appraisal

Richard Lazarus

Created appraisal theory

Joseph LeDoux

Known for their belief that emotions can occur without conscious appraisal

Polygraph

A machine that measures different biological responses such as heartbeat which is used to determine if a person is lying. It does not work

Lie detector

A machine that measures different biological responses such as heartbeat which is used to determine if a person is lying. It does not work

Facial feedback effect

A phenomenon where facial expressions can cause a small amount of their associated feelings

Health psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on behavioral medicine

Stress

The process of reacting to an appraised challenge

Stressor

Anything that leads to a stress reaction

Stress reaction

The physiological and/or psychological reactions to a stressor

Hans Selye

Created general adaptation syndrome

General adaptation syndrome

A 3 stage description of stress

GAS

A 3 stage description of stress

Alarm stage

The first stage of general adaptation syndrome. The body's stress resistance temporarily falls but quickly increases to deal with the stress. The body also initiates its fight or flight response

Resistance stage

Unit 7: The second stage of general adaptation syndrome. The body's stress resistance is very high as you are in a highly alert biological state. Unit 8: A term in psychoanalysis: Mental blocks to undesirable information, able to be identified using free association

Exhaustion stage

The third stage of general adaptation syndrome. The body's stress resistance falls due to the constant stress. A person may experience fatigue, tiredness, and a weakened immune response. In extreme cases, unconsciousness or death

Tend-and-befriend

A phenomenon where people under stress, particuarly women, attempt to offer aid and friendship to others.

Psychosomatic

Physiological symptoms resulting from psychological causes

Psychophysiological illness

Illnesses resulting from psychological causes

Psychoneuroimmunology

A branch of psychology that studies how the mind, both psychologically and physiologically, affects the immune system

Lymphocyte

White blood cells

Carcinogens

Harmful substances that cause cancer

Coronary heart disease

A disease where blood vessels clog up, shutting off oxygen to the heart. The leading cause of death in North America.

Type A

Individuals who are more aggressive, angry, impatient, motivated, and competitve

Type B

Individuals who are more laid back, calm, and peaceful people

Free association

A technique used in psychoanalysis where a person is asked to just say whatever comes to mind with no regard for importance or politeness

Unconscious

An area of the mind that Freud believed to be filled with repressed, undesirable thoughts and feelings. More modern psychologists simply view it as an area where information is processed without conscious awareness

Preconscious

An area of the mind that Freud believed to temporarily store information which could either be brought back to the conscious mind or repressed to the unconscious mind

Ego

Freud's classification of the conscious, rational decision making part of the brain that manages the id and superego

Superego

Freud's classification of the somewhat conscious/unconscious, moral part of the brain that strives to make the most virtuous decision.

Id

Freud's classification of the impulsive, unconscious part of the brain that only cares about immediate satisfaction

Psychosexual stages

Freud's theory of 4 stages of development: Oral, anal, phalic, latency, and genital stage

Psychosexual development

Freud's theory of 4 stages of development: Oral, anal, phalic, latency, and genital stage

Oral stage

The first stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development. From birth to 1.5 years of age, babies focus on stimulation to the mouth such as chewing, biting, and sucking

Anal stage

The second stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development. From 1.5 years to 3 years of age, babies derive satisfaction from bladder and bowel control

Phalic stage

The third stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development. From ages 3 to 6, children desire genital stimulation

Latency stage

The fourth stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development. From ages 6 to puberty, children largely feel no sexual desires

Genital stage

The fifth stage of Freud's theory of psychosexual development. From puberty onwards, teens derive sexual pleasure from sexual activity

Erogenous zones

Freud's classification of certain body areas from which people find pleasure during the various psychosexual stages

Oedipus complex

Freud's idea that boys in the phallic stage develop an unconscious desire for their mother and a rivalry/fear of their father

Electra complex

Freud's idea that girls in the phallic stage develop an unconscious desire for their father and a rivalry/fear of their mother

Identification

Freud's classificaton of the process where children assimilate their parent's values into their superego

Fixate

Freud's idea that the pleasures from a psychosexual stage could linger with a person into adulthood, changing personality and behavior

Defense mechanism

Freud's classification for techniques the ego uses to distort the truth in order to lower anxiety

Repression

A defense mechanism where undesirable thoughts, feelings, or desires are pushed in to the unconscious mind

Regression

A defense mechanism where a person regresses to a previous stage of development in response to a stressor

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism where a person displays the opposite emotion to the one they are feeling

Projection

A defense mechnanism where a person attributes their own negative feelings to others

Rationalization

A defense mechanism where a person attempts to rationalize their behaviors in order to ignore the consequences or the true motivation

Displacement

A defense mechanism where a person shifts their negative emotions onto another target

Sublimation

A defense mechanism where a person turns their negative emotions into motivation for positive actions

Denial

A defense mechanism where a person refuses to acknowledge a negative event

Psychodynamic theories

An updated view of Freud's psychoanalytic theories that put more emphasize on the conscious and less emphasize on the sexual drives

Alfred Adler

Psychodynamic psychologist who proposed the inferiority complex

Karen Horney

Psychodynamic psychologist who disagreed with Freud on female psychology. Believed women were not the weaker, emotional creatures that Freud believed

Inferiority complex

A strong sense of inadequacy or incompetence proposed by Alfred Adler. Adler believed that people attempt to conquer childhood inferiority complexes throughout life