UNIT 3 REVIEW HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Created in 2022 for P. Hammond's AP Human Geography course.

Culture

all of the learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects of a group of people (3.1)

Cultural Hearth

the area in which a unique culture of specific traits develop
EX: Harlem for Hip Hop (3.1)

10 Major Culture Realms

1. Anglo American
2. Latin American
3. European
4. Islamic
5. Sub-Saharan African
6. Slavic
7. Indian
8. Sino-Japanese
9. Southeast Asian
10. Austral European (3.1)

Cultural Landscape

the visible reflection of a culture on the environment
EX: parks, neighborhoods, sacred places (3.1)

Folk Culture vs. Popular Culture

Folk culture- traditional, slow-moving
Popular culture- modern, fast-moving (3.1)

Cultural Transition Zones

where cultures don't necessarily fit neatly within assigned borders (3.1)

Globalization

intensified interactions among people, governments, and companies worldwide (3.1)

Negative Impacts of Globalization

three examples:
1. loss of folk culture
2. jobs go overseas
3. cultural traits are pushed onto other cultures

Centripetal Forces

factors that pull people together and unify (3.1)

Centrifugal Forces

factors that force people apart (3.1)

Cultural Convergence

when cultures combine and become the same; caused by the spread of popular culture and the loss of folk culture (3.1)

Cultural Divergence

when cultures split; often along rural vs. urban line (3.1)

Taboos

behaviors that are strongly discouraged by a culture
EX: talking about menstruation-- Turning Red movie (3.1)

Gendered Spaces

spaces that are segregated based upon gender
EX: restrooms, weight rooms (3.1)

Acculturation

when an ethnic/immigrant group moves and adopts practices of the large group (3.1)

Assimilation

when an ethnic/immigrant group moves and can no longer be distinguished from the large group (3.1)

Multiculturalism

coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal that all cultures are valued and worthy (3.1)

Nativism

conflict between cultures becomes harsh, xenophobic, and ethnocentric (3.1)

Cultural Relativism

refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal; instead, trying to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context (3.1)

Relocation Diffusion

when people migrate and carry their cultural traits with them (3.1)

Expansion Diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated (3.1)

Hierarchical Diffusion

spread of culture from the most interconnected, wealthy, or important places or people (3.1)

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

sometime things diffuse from the lower class to the upper class, or rural to urban, or unconnected to connected. quite literally the reverse of hierarchical diffusion (3.1)

Contagious Diffusion

when a cultural trait spreads continuously from its origin; spread through contact; can be extremely rapid (3.1)

Stimulus Diffusion

occurs when people in a culture adapt an underlying idea or process from another culture, but modify it because they reject one trait (3.1)

Linguists

scientists who study language (3.2)

Indo-European

largest language family in the world; includes languages that related to Indo-Iranian and European cultures (3.2)

Dialects

variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling
EX: AAVE or African American Vernacular English (3.2)

4 Major Globalized Languages

English, French, Spanish, Arabic (3.2)

Lingua Franca

common language learned and used by people who do not share the same primary language
EX: international businessmen tend to learn Mandarin and English, as they are both very common business languages (3.2)

Pidgin

language that emerges when two or more languages have extensive contact with each other, often due to trade
EX: "Spanglish," formed from contact between Spanish and English by a bilingual speaker (3.2)

Creole Language

pidgin language that develops more extensive language operations and becomes the primary language of the people in a region
EX: Swahili or Afrikaans (3.2)

Time-Space Convergence

also called time-space compression in Unit 1; the correlated decrease in time needed for transportation to the increase in technology (3.3)

Fake News

fake, often sensational, report disseminated under the guise of an authentic news report with the goal of misleading consumers of the content. elected officials have also used this term to describe things that are unfavorable to them (3.3)

Alternative Facts

a statement that can be proven false, but some individuals continue to insist are true (3.3)

Trolling

the practice of posting deliberately inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages in social media in order to provoke or agitate (3.3)

Lidar

an example of remote sensing; used to reveal evidence of an ancient civilization in the Amazon Basin (3.3)

Hearths of the 4 Major Religions

Christianity- Jerusalem, Israel
Islam- Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Buddhism- Nepal, Northeastern India
Hinduism- Punjab area (Northern India/Pakistan)
(3.4)

Founders of the 4 Major Religions

Christianity- Jesus Christ
Islam- Muhammad
Buddhism- Siddharta Gautama, "The Buddha."
Hinduism- None Specified
(3.4) optional information

Scriptural Texts of the 4 Major Religions

Christianity- The Bible
Islam- The Qur'an
Buddhism- Tripitaka
Hinduism- The Vedas
(3.4) optional information

Ethnic Religion

a religion that you are born into
EX: Judaism, Hinduism (3.4)

Universalizing Religion

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people; proselytizing
EX: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam (3.4)

Animism

belief that all objects and natural events have a discrete spirit and conscious life (3.4)

US Religious Patterns

70.6% Christian
22.8% Unaffiliated

Missionaries

individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through expansion diffusion
EX: Sufis (3.4)

3 Main Diffusion Causes

colonialism, imperialism, and trade

Pilgrimage

religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of their religion
EX: Hajj (largest annual) and Kumbh Mela (largest) (3.4)

Syncretism

the blending of cultures and ideas from different places; especially religions (3.4)

Theocracy

a country whose government is run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws
EX: Iran (Islamic) and Vatican City (Catholic) (3.4)

Fundamentalism

an attempt to follow the literal interpretation of a religious faith; often openly enforces the patriarchy and oppresses minority groups
EX: Westboro Baptist Church (3.4)

Ethnicity

membership in a group that shares characteristics, like ancestry, language, customs, experiences, homeland/hearth; same terminology as nationality but different meaning
EX: Irish, Jamaican, Filipino (3.5)

Race

identity with a group who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color
EX: White, Black, Asian (3.5)

Nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a country; same terminology as ethnicity but different meaning
EX: American, Mexican, Canadian (3.5)

Charter Group

first group to occupy a space; influence reflected on toponyms (3.5)

Ethnic Enclave

an urban/suburban place with high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
EX: Chinatown, Little Italy (3.5)

Ethnic Island

a rural place with high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
EX: Amish (3.5)

Sequent Occupance

ethnic groups move in and out of areas, leaving their prints (3.5)

Neolocalism

when a community re-embraces the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
EX: Oktoberfest (3.5)

White Flight

white emigration due to anticipated black immigration
EX: blockbusting (3.5)

Blockbusting

when real estate agents weaponize racism to prey on white homeowners near black neighborhoods to sell their houses for cheap; contributes to white flight (3.5)

Redlining

used to blocked loans in certain neighborhoods, which tended to be black neighborhoods; made it harder for black homeowners to improve/maintain their houses (3.5)

The Troost Wall

a street that operates as a racial barrier due to redlining and blockbusting in Kansas City (3.5)

Kurds

Sunni Muslims who speak their own language in the Iranian group of Indo-European languages and have a distinct culture; a nation without a state, an ethnicity without recognition (3.5)