CSDS 101 EXAM 2

What are the stop consonants 

• /p,b,k,g,t,d/

cognate pairs

include the SAME manner and place ONLY DIFFERENCE IS VOICING

• F,v 

• K, g

• D, t

• P, b

• S, z

• ə, θ

What are the phases of stop consonant production

• Closing phase

  • Articulators move towards one another 

• Stop phase 

  • Air impounded 

  • Occurs at various places of articulation 

• Plosive phase 

  • Aspirated -> [pʰe]

  • Unreleased -> [æk̚t]

What is intrusion

• occurs when a phoneme is produced as a result of the transition from one phoneme to another

What contexts occur for stop consonants

• Can be intruded when a voiceless phoneme follows an /m/ 

• EX. [woɹmpɵ], [dɹɛmpt]

what differentiates nasal phonemes from one another

• PLACEMENT (all voiced, and nasal)

• /m/- bilabial 

• /n/ - lingua-alvelur

• /ŋ/- lingua-velur 

What is a homorganic realionship

• Phonemes that are produced with the same PLACE of production but with DIFFERENT MANNER 

  • /m̩/ would most likely follow /b/ or /p/

  • /n̩/ would mostly likely follow /t, d, s, z/

  • /ŋ̩/ would most likely follow /k/ or /g/

  • /l̩/ would most likely follow any consonant - bubble, castle

nasal emission

•  nasal air escaping through nose during speech

Hyponasality

too little nasal resonance during production of speech sounds

Hypernasality

• too much nasal resonance on oral speech sounds 

What is the context is which /m̩/ often occurs 

• Occurs in blends like /sm/, /mp/, /mpt/

• Homorganic with -  /b/, /p/, /w/

What is the context is which /n̩/ often occurs 

• Occurs in blend contexts like /sn/, /nd/

• Homorganic with /t, d, s, z/

What is the context is which /ŋ̩/ often occurs 

• Occurs in medial and final word positions 

• Homorganic with - /k/ or /g/

What is the context is which /l̩/ often occurs

• Frequently used in blend contexts 

• Homorganic - would most likely follow any consonant - bubble, castle

Why are fricatives called fricatives 

• Phonemes produced when the breath stream passes through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract

What is a frontal distortion

• tongue protrudes between teeth making a “th”

  • lisp like “th” for /s/, /z/

What is a lateral distortion

slushy sounding lisp, air escaping sides of the tongue

Why are these phonemes called affricates

/tʃ, dʒ/ - they are phonemes that involve the combination of a stop-consonant immediately followed by a fricative - components are produced in the same breath

Why are affricates considered obstruent 

• /tʃ, dʒ/ - they are obstruent because they are produced with the velopharyngeal port relatively closed (they start with a stop and transition to a fricative in which are both obstruent) 

how do phoneticians prefer to write affricates 

they prefer to write this phone with the two components touching - components in the same breath

what are liquids

consonant produced with minimal friction and smooth movement

• /l, ɹ/

What are glides

articulators move in a smooth gliding motion

• /w, j/

What are approximants

• phonemes produced with minimal obstruction to the vocal tract 

What are the tongue placements of /ɹ/

• Retroflexed - curls up toward the palate 

• Bunched - chubby lol 

What are the common contexts for intrusion of glide phonemes

• /w/ - /kw/ blend 

• /j/ - intruded between words ending in /i/ or /ɪ/ and starting with a vowel