History Unit 2 Test Review

Who was Czar Nicholas II?

The last czar of Russia, weak leader, suffered an embarrassing defeat in the Russo-Japanese War

Who was Czarina Alexandra?

Wife of Nicholas II, manipulated by Rasputin because of her son's illness

Who was Prince Alexis Romanov?

Heir of the throne, born with hemophilia, believed to be a 'political problem'

Who was Rasputin?

Healer, took care of the czar's son, made key decisions in the government, wounded the reputations of the Romanov family

Who was Michael Romanov?

Brother of Nicholas II, next heir to the throne after Alexis Romanov, had a controversial marriage, declined the throne after Nicholas abdicated

February 1917 Revolution

The monarchy collapses, set up the Provisional Government

When did Czar Nicholas II abdicate?

March 15, 1917

Who was Lenin?

Leader of the Bolsheviks and first leader of the Soviet Union, (Peace, Land, Bread)

The Kornilov Affair

in late 1917 Kerensky's commander in chief, General Laver Kornolov led a feeble attack against the provincial government in September; his forces were quickly defeated.

Who was Alexander Kerensky?

Leader of the provisional government and the Mensheviks

October 25, 1917

Bolsheviks storm and seize control of the Winter palace
-arrest the Provisional Gov't
- announces the start of the Soviet Union

When was the October Manifesto issued?

October 17th 1905

What was the October Manifesto?

Tsars' speech to create reforms after bloody Sunday, guaranteed civil liberties (e.g., freedom of speech, press, and assembly), and a legislative body (the Duma) whose members would be popularly elected

Karl Marx

Father of Communism, Communist Manifesto

Who were the Marxists?

These were socialists who supported and claimed there would be a worker's revolution in which workers would seize control of factors and create a socialist society; formed the basis for the theory and practice of communism

Where did Lenin flee to?

Finland

Where was Lenin during the February Revolution?

Exiled to Switzerland

What were the causes of the Russo-Japanese War?

-both Russia and Japan wanted to establish a presence in Manchuria in order to advance their own industrial development
-both wanted to possess the physical wealth that Korea owned
-both saw themselves as ascendent Pacific powers

What were the impacts of the Russo-Japanese War on Japan?

demolished the Russian army and won the war, claimed Lushun, began industrial development in Manchuria, and controlled Korea

What were the impacts of the Russo-Japanese War on Russia?

their first defeat to a non-western nation, Tsar's popularity plummeted, and the government was ridiculed by the middle class, massive worker strikes

How did western powers perceive the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War?

-Britian ensured Japan was an ally to them
-USA saw Japan as a real threat

What is the Duma?

Russia's first elected parliament, established by Nicholas II in the October manifesto, wasn't as powerful as it was said to be

War Communism

in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

Who was Trotsky?

A commander of the new Bolshevik army, the Red Army

Who was Stalin?

Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.

What type of revolution did Trotsky want?

socialist revolution, believed that an economic system must be seen and understood as a world system rather than as a national one.

What type of revolution did Stalin want?

socialist revolution, could be achieved "in one country," independent of other countries.

Russian Purges under Stalin

- 1921 to 1953
- between 3 and 60 million deaths attributed to the direct and indirect policies of Stalin's regime

Who were the Mensheviks?

Minority group, wanted a neat and orderly revolution- (wanted support of everyone)

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Radical Marxist group in Russia that wanted change immediately

What was the Provisional Government?

The temporary government put in place while the Russians decided what type of government they wanted

When did the Provisional Government take power?

March 1917 after the abdication of the Tsar

When did the provisional government fall?

October 1917

Who was Kornilov?

A right-wing war hero who despised Socialism - from a humble background - great military record.

What did Kornilov want?

to overthrow radical socialists, continue an offensive war and restore order

What did Kornilov do?

He ordered 6 regiments of troops to march on Petrograd - intended to crush the Soviet and establish a dictatorship.

What did Rasputin do?

He opposed reform measures and obtained powerful positions for his friends

what did Rasputin make Alexandra do?

appoint and fire whichever government officials he wanted

Who were the Kulaks?

Wealthy farmers/peasants

What did the kulaks oppose?

the Soviet Government for making them collective farm

What is isolationism?

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Why did the US practice isolationism?

They didn't want to interfere with international affairs

What was the League of Nations?

After the First World War it was an organization formed to help countries settle their differences peacefully rather than war

Who was in the League of Nations?

Britain, France, Italy, Japan,

What did the League of Nations do?

Maintain world peace, preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

consumer society

Refers to the fact the US became a society where people spent money and bought new products rather than saving

What is laissez-faire?

policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.

What is Keynesian economics?

created by John Maynard Keynes, large scale government spending to stimulate the economy.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "Return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1929), small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States; President during the stock market crash of '29

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

income inequality

the unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in an economy

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

What did the New Deal do?

FDR had bank holidays and closed the banks. He created programs to provide work, direct relief to people and aid to relief agencies, and built infrastructure.

Did the New Deal end the Great Depression?

No, WWII did

Hoovervilles

a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

What did the Neutrality Acts do?

No American can sell anything to a war country. No loans to countries in war.

Who passed the Neutrality Acts?

US Congress

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

What did the TVA do?

Government built dams to provide electricity to rural areas around the Tennessee River

Cash and Carry Policy

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.