GENBIO 3RD QRTR EXAM

THE SCIENCE OF NAMING, DEFINING, AND CLASSIFYING GROUPS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS BASED ON SHARED CHARACTERISTICS

TAXONOMY

• SWEDISH BOTANIST, ZOOLOGIST, TAXONOMIST, AND PHYSICIAN

• FATHER OF MODERN TAXONOMY

• HE STANDARDIZED BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

CARL LINNAEUS

WHAT IS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

THE SYSTEM OF NAMING ORGANISMS

RANKING OF TAXONOMY

1. DOMAIN

2. KINGDOM

3. PHYLUM

4. CLASS

5. ORDER

6. FAMILY

7. GENUS

8. SPECIES

• The study of animal and plant tissues

• Involves the preparation of thin tissue sections, differentially stained and examined under the microscope

Histology

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY

ATOM → CELL → TISSUES → ORGANS

basic unit of matter

Atom

basic unit of life

Cell

a group of similarly specialized cells which perform a particular function

Tissues

group of tissues

a set of tissue coordinating to perform a specific function; makes up a level of biological organization

Organs

Largest organ in the body

Skin

Largest internal organ

Liver

• Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

• Also forms most of the body glands

Epithelium Tissue

NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS IN EPITHELIUM TISSUE

• SIMPLE (THIN)

• STRATIFIED (MANY LAYERS)

• TRANSITIONAL (DIFFERENT LAYERS)

CELL SHAPE OF EPITHELIUM TISSUE

• SQUAMOUS (FLAT)

• CUBOIDAL (CUBE)

• COLUMNAR (ELONGATED)

• Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

Connective Tissue

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS STRETCHABLE; BETWEEN TISSUES AND ORGANS

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT ARE FAT CELLS; STORAGE OF EXCESS FOOD

ADIPOSE TISSUE

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS THE DEFENSE AGAINST MICROBES AND INJURIOUS SUBSTANCES

RETICULAR

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT HAS GREAT TENSILE STRENGTH AND NON-STRETCHABILITY

DENSE FIBROUS

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOR SUPPORT, PROTECTION, AND MUSCLE CONTRACTION

BONE

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN LIQUID STATE

BLOOD

TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT IS AVASCULAR OR LACKING BLOOD VESSELS

CARTILAGE CELLS

CHARACTERIZED BY PROPERTIES THAT ALLOW MOVEMENT

MUSCULAR TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE YOU CAN COMMAND OR CONTROL / VOLUNTARY

SKELETAL

MUSCULAR TISSUE THAT ARE ORGANS WORKING ON THEIR OWN / INVOLUNTARY

SMOOTH

MUSCULAR TISSUE THAT BEATS BY ITSELF / INVOLUNTARY

CARDIAC / HEART

• communication between various parts of the body

• Processes and sends information to other neurons or effector tissues

Nervous Tissue

TYPE OF NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS THAT GENERATE AND PROCESS INFORMATION AND CONDUCT ELECTRICAL IMPULSES FOR COMMUNICATION

UNIT OF THE BRAIN

NEURONS (NERVE CELLS)

TYPE OF NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS THAT SUPPORT, PROTECT, INSULATE NEURONS, AND REMOVE WASTE

NEUROGLIA OR GLIA (GLIAL CELLS)

ANIMAL TISSUES (4)

1. EPITHELIUM TISSUE

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

3. MUSCULAR TISSUE

4. NERVOUS TISSUE

• Belong to the eukaryote group

• Multicellular and, because they have chlorophyll, can make their own food

PLANTS

PLANTS THAT

• DON’T HAVE A TRANSPORT SYSTEM

• LACK TRUE VASCULAR TISSUE, ABSORB WATER AND NUTRIENTS DIRECTLY THROUGH SURFACES

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

PLANTS THAT

• HAVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

• HAVE XYLEM AND PHLOEM FOR EFFICIENT WATER/NUTRIENT TRANSPORT, ALLOWING FOR GREATER SIZE AND COMPLEX STRUCTURES

VASCULAR PLANTS

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.

XYLEM

tissue in plants that acts as the circulatory system for food, transporting sugars and organic nutrients from where they're made to other parts like roots, fruits, and growing tips for energy or storage

DOWNWARD

PHLOEM

• A Group of young cells that are in a continuous state of division

Meristematic Tissue

TYPE OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE THAT

• OCCUR AT TIPS OF SHOOTS AND ROOTS

• INCREASE IN LENGTH

• PRODUCE NEW LEAVES AND FLOWERS

APICAL MERISTEMS (PRIMARY GROWTH)

TYPE OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE THAT

• IS FOUND ALONG THE SLIDES OF STEMS AND ROOTS

• INCREASE IN THICKNESS

• PRODUCE BARK IN TREES

LATERAL MERISTEMS (SECONDARY GROWTH)

Group of living or dead cells formed by meristematic tissue

Permanent Tissue

TYPE OF PERMANENT TISSUE THAT

• COVERS AND PROTECTS THE SURFACE OF DIFFERENT PLANT ORGANS

• EXAMPLE: EPIDERMIS OF THE LEAF

• FROM CUTIN → ROOT HAIRS → GUARD CELLS → CORK

SURFACE TISSUE

forms the main bulk of a plant, comprising all tissues except dermal

FUNDAMENTAL TISSUE

TYPE OF FUNDAMENTAL TISSUE THAT IS LARGE, THIN-WALLED CELLS WITH CENTRAL VACUOLE; CONTAIN PLASTIDS FOR FOOD STORAGE; ABUNDANT

PARENCHYMA

TYPE OF FUNDAMENTAL TISSUE THAT ARE LIVING CELLS WITH THICKENED CORNERS PROVIDING FLEXIBLE SUPPORT

COLLENCHYMA

TYPE OF FUNDAMENTAL TISSUE THAT IS HARD, RIGID TISSUES WITH THICK, LIGNIFIED WALLS, OFTEN DEAD AT MATURITY, PROVIDING STRENGTH

SCLERENCHYMA

Complex conducting tissues extending from the roots to the leaves

Vascular Tissues

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function in the body

organ system

ORGAN SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVEMENT AND BODY POSTURE

MUSCULAR

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT PROTECTS THE BODY AND HELPS REGULATE TEMPERATURE

INTEGUMENTARY

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT CONTROLS AND COORDINATES BODY ACTIVITIES THROUGH NERVE SIGNALS

NERVOUS

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT BREAKS DOWN FOOD AND ABSORBS NUTRIENTS

DIGESTIVE

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT TRANSPORTS BLOOD, OXYGEN, AND NUTRIENTS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

CARDIOVASCULAR

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT REMOVES WASTES AND REGULATES WATER BALANCE

URINARY

ORGAN SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR GAS EXCHANGE

RESPIRATORY

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT DEFENDS THE BODY AGAINST INFECTION AND RETURNS TISSUE FLUID TO THE BLOOD (IMMUNE SYSTEM)

LYMPHATIC

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT RELEASES HORMONES TO REGULATE BODY FUNCTIONS

ENDOCRINE

ORGAN SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCTIONS OF OFFSPRING

REPRODUCTIVE

ORGAN SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES SUPPORT, PROTECTION, AND WORKS WITH MUSCLES FOR MOVEMENT

SKELETAL

• Obtain oxygen (O₂) for cellular respiration

• Eliminate carbon dioxide (CO₂) waste

• Maintain acid-base balance

• Support metabolism and activity level

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (GAS EXCHANGE)

Process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide

Respiration

TYPE OF GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS AS UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

HAPPENS IN CELL MEMBRANE

GAS DIFFUSION

TYPE OF GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS

• INVERTEBRATES

• COVERED WITH THIN AND MOIST EPITHELIAL CELLS

SKIN OR BODY SURFACE RESPIRATION

o Gills with filaments that increase surface area.

o Use countercurrent exchange where water and blood flow in opposite directions to maximize absorption

Class Pisces (Fishes)

o Gills inside the mantle

o Use siphon to get oxygen

Class Cephalopods

o Gills and lungs

o Use pneumostome as passageway of oxygen

Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs)

o Tracheal system composed of a series of respiratory tubes

Class Insecta

can breathe through lungs, skin, and sometimes gills.

Class Amphibia

o Lungs

o From the nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea

o Lungs are protected in a sealed thoracic cavity by the diaphragm

Class Mammalia

Basic Physiology of the Human Respiratory System

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx (throat)

• Larynx (voice box)

• Trachea (windpipe)

• Bronchus (airways)

• Lungs (gas exchange)

part of the human lungs that has 2 lobes only, it’s smaller and has a concave indentation called the cardiac notch to make room for the heart

Left lung

how many lobes does the right lung have

3

part of the human lungs that have

o Thin squamous and flat epithelial cells

o Promote diffusion; enable fast diffusion of gas exchange

Alveoli

• Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste

• Maintain temperature and homeostasis

• Support immune responses

• Enable larger and more complex bodies

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (TRANSPORT)

Hemolymph (circulatory fluid) flows freely in body cavities, bathing organs

o Example: Insects, crustaceans, most mollusks,

Open Circulatory System

Blood flows entirely within vessels under pressure

o Example: Humans, Vertebrates, cephalopods

Closed Circulatory System

Human Circulatory System

• About the size of a clenched fist

• Beats about 70 times per minute

Heart

Carry blood throughout the body, delivering nutrients, gases, hormones, antibodies, and enzymes, while helping maintain blood pressure

Blood Vessels

type of blood vessel that carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygen-rich

Arteries

type of blood vessel that carry blood toward the heart, usually oxygen-poor

Veins

type of blood vessel that are Tiny vessels where exchange of substances (nutrients, gases, wastes) occurs between blood and tissues

Capillaries

Circulating fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

Blood

blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Red blood cells

blood cells that protect the body from infections.

White blood cells

blood cells that aid in blood clotting

Platelets

The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, when the heart muscle contracts

Systolic (Systole)

measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats, when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood

Diastolic (Diastole)

Large veins that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

receiving chambers (above)

Atrium

tend to pump or contract (below)

Ventricle

Largest Artery

Aorta

PROCESS OF CIRCULATION

1. SVC CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE UPPER BODY AND THE IVC CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LOWER BODY

2. THE RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE SVC AND IVC

3. BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE WHEN THE VALVE OPENS

4. THE RIGHT VENTRICLE PUMPS BLOOD INTO THE PULMONARY ARTERY AND THE DEOXYGENATED BLOOD GOES TO THE LUNGS

5. BLOOD RELEASES CARBON DIOXIDE AND BECOMES OXYGENATED; GAS EXCHANGE

6. THE OXYGENATED BLOOD RETURNS TO THE HEART THROUGH THE PULMONARY VEINS AND ENTERS THE LEFT ATRIUM

7. BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE LEFT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT VENTRICLE WHEN THE VALVE OPENS

8. THE LEFT VENTRICLE PUMPS OXYGENATED BLOOD INTO THE AORTA WHICH DISTRIBUTES BLOOD TO ALL PARTS OF THE BODY

bone infarction: the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply

Avascular Necrosis (osteonecrosis)

electrical issue; like a power outage, the heart stops beating

Cardiac Arrest

plumbing issue; like a clogged pipe, blood flow is blocker to the heart

Heart Attack

suggest that cells in roots actively pump water into the xylem tissue causing a change in concentration gradient, through osmosis

Root Pressure theory

makes use of waters adhesion property. In plants, water rises on its own into a plant stem if its in contact with

Capillary Action theory

relies in the attraction between water molecules where water pulled up from below (transpiration pull)

Cohesion Tension theory

• The overall series of changes that food undergoes as it moves through the alimentary canal

• Convert ingested food into a form that can be absorbed and utilized by the body

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (NUTRITION)

ingestion, chewing (mastication), swallowing(deglutition), and peristalsis

Motility

incorporation of absorbed nutrients into cells

Assimilation