Bio 1101 e core

biology

Acetal CoA

the combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

allosteric inibition

the mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site(not the active site) and initiates a conformation change in the active site, preventing binding with the substrate

Anabolic

describes the pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

anaerobic cellular respiration

the use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ATP synthase

membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through

bioenergetics

the concept of energy flow through living systems

Catabolic

describes the pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction

Chemiosmosis

the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that harvest the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP; the citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen in later reactions to proceed

competitive inhibition

general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzyme's substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent the substrate itself from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme

electron transport chain

series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests energy from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane

Endergonic

describes a chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than the reactant

Enzymes

a molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction

Exergonic

describes a chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants,plus the release of free energy

feedback inhibition

mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a reaction or the final product of a series of sequential reactions inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction

Fermentation

the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor

Glycolysis

the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

heat energy

he energy transferred from one system to another that is not

kinetic energy

the type of energy associated with objects in motion

Metabolism

all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that release energy

noncompetitive inhibition

general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site from binding the substrate; thus, the inhibitor molecule does not compete with the substrate for the active site; allosteric inhibition is a form of noncompetitive inhibition

oxidative phosphorylation

the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP

potentional energy

energy that is stored in an object due to its position or arrangment

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

cell wall

a ridgid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in archaea, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support and gives shape to the cell

central vacuole

a large plant cell organelle that acts as a storage compartment, water reservoir, and site of macromolecule degradation

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

Cillium/cilia

plural: cilia) a short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

Cytoplasm

the entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chem

Cytoskeleton

the network of protein fibers that collectively maintains the shape of the cell, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms

Cytosol

The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.

Desmosome

a linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments

Diffusion

a passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material down its concentration gradient\-- rate affected by mass, temp, density, and concentration

electrochemical gradient

gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient

Endocytosis

a type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell

endomembrane system

the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify,package, and transport lipids and proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids

Eukaryotic cells

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

exracellular matrix

the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that holds cells together as a tissue, allows cells to communicate with each other, and provides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissue

fascilitated transport

process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)using integral membrane proteins

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

fluid mosaic model

model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character

gap junctions

channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight substances to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

hypotonic

cell describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Lysosomes

organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell's digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

light microscope (LM)

visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

electron microscope (EM)

An instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope.

Mitochondrion

singular: mitochondrion) the cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell's main energy-carrying

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Osmolarity

the total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution

Osmosis

the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a membrane

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Peroxisomes

small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

plasma membrane

a phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment

plasmodesma

plural: plasmodesmata) a channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

variant of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles

Ribsomes

non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides,preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium

tight junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

unified cell theory

he biological concept that states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells

Vacuole

membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport

Vesicle

small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Acid

substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

amino acids

monomers of proteins

anion

A negatively charged ion

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Buffer

a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide

Carbohydrates

a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells

Cation

A positively charged ion

Cellulose

polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Denaturation

the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Dissaccharides

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a peptide

electron transfer

the movement of electrons from one element to another

Element

one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances and retain the characteristic of that substance; each element has a specified number of protons and unique properties

Enzyme

a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

Fat

a lipid molecule composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol (triglyceride) that typically exists in a solid form at room temperature

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose

hormone

chemical signaling molecule, usually a protein or steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells; acts to control or regulate specific physiological process