APWH UNIT 1 TOPIC 2

DEVELOPMENTS IN DAR-AL-ISLAM

SOCIETY-

• Mamluks served as soldiers and later bureaucrats. They had a better chance at advancement because of their jobs.

• Merchants grew rich through Indian Ocean and Central Asia trade.

• Muslims couldn’t enslave other Muslims or monotheists.

• Slaves came from Africa, Bela Rus and Central Asia.

• Slave women served as concubines to Muslim men. They experienced more freedom than the legal wives.

• Muhammad helped raise the status of women.

• Islamic Women enjoyed a higher status than Christian or Jewish women.

POLITICS-

• Seljuk Turks were a challenge to the Abbasid Empire. Their leader called himself the Sultan.

• Mongols were the fourth group to attack the Abbasid Empire.

• In Egypt, the Mamluks took over the government and established the Mamluk Sultanate.

• Mongols conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire and ended Seljuk Rule.

• After Muslim forces defeated Byzantine armies in North Africa, they were able to conquer Spain from the south.

• The Battle of Tours was a significant mark that stopped Islamic expansion into Europe.

• Western Europe remained Christian, but Muslims ruled Spain for 7 centuries. Muslims, Christians and Jews lived peacefully together (tolerant).

INTERACTIONS-

• Merchants grew rich from trading through the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.

• Some discrimination towards non-Arabs in Islamic controlled land.

• Promoted trade: allowed Chinese and Southeast products to enter Spain and therefore, most of Europe.

• Many of the new Islamic states were ethnically different. The Abbasid Caliphate was ruled by Arabs and Persians, but most of the states were made up of Turkic peoples.

CULTURE

• Translated the work of many Greek classics into Arabic, saving them from being lost forever.

• Learned mathematics text from India and taught to the Europeans.

• Adopted the paper-making technique from China, later passing it to the Europeans.

• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was one of Islam’s most celebrated scholars. He contributed to astronomy, medicine, law, philosophy, mathematics, etc.

• Ibn Khaldun was well known for his historical accounts. He wrote influential works about law, secular philosophy, and the natural sciences.

• ‘A’ishah al-Ba' uniyyah was one of the most creative female Muslim writers before the 20th century. Her poetry often contrasted Sufis from other Muslims.

• The Islamic State in Spain became a center of learning.

• Muslims, Jews, and Christians (People of the Book) living in Islam controlled Spain, tolerated each other and even influenced each other.

• Islamic scholarships and innovations, along with knowledge from India and China helped set up for the Renaissance in Europe.

ECONOMICS

• Merchants grew rich from trading through the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.

• Slaves came from Africa, Bela Rus and Central Asia.

• Goods and ideas traveled through trade routes controlled by the Abbasids.

• Mamluks prospered by facilitating trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe.

TECHNOLOGY

• Learned mathematics text from India and taught to the Europeans.

• Adopted the paper-making technique from China, later passing it to the Europeans.