immuno quiz 3 (high yield)

location of cellular resp prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

pro - lvl of cell membrane via cytoplasmic membrane

euk - in mitochondria

ways to classify bacteria

biochemical requirements

shape of bacteria

gram stain

spirochete bacteria

treponema, helicobacter, borrelia, campylobacter, leptospora

"the hungry bear catches larvae"

what bacteria have the ability to invade an intact corneal epithelium?

gram pos: listeria (monocytogenes), corynebacterium

gram neg: neisseria gonorrhea, haemophilus influenza

gram neg bacteria

neisseria spp

moraxella launata

moraxella catarrhalis

neisseria gonorrhea

neisseria spp

causes gonococcal conjunctivitis (GC)

neisseria gonnorhea

uses type 4 pili -> IGAse breaks down secretory IgA -> invade intact corneal epithelium

faculatative anaerobic bacteria

strep pyogenes, strep agalactiae, staph aureus

what is an obligate intracellular bacteria that causes rocky mountain spotted fever

rickettsia

gram pos characteristics

- cell wall: thick layer of peptidoglycan -> lipoteichoic acid

- only 1 membrane

- resistant to lysozyme

** no outer membrane, NO LPS

gram neg characteristics

- cell wall: thin layer of peptidoglycan + outer membrane

- 2 membranes

- LPS + porin proteins

- sensitive to lysozyme

** outer membrane anchors LPS to bacterial surface

** porin limits entry of large/hydrophobic molecules

highly virulent encapsulate bacteria

strep pneumoniae

neisseria meningitidis

haemophilus

what bacteria causes membranous or pseudomembranous conjunctivitis

corynebacterium diphtheriae, neisseria gonorrhea, strep pyogenes

importance of mycolic acid

wax like lipid coat, important virulence factor

in mycobacterium

major antibacterial target

30S subunit - tetracycline, aminoglycosides

50S subunit - chloramphenicol, macrolides

chronic infection

continuous production of virus without cell lysis

what is the only bacteria w sterol in the cytoplasmic membrane

mycoplasma

what forms bacterial spores

bacillus and clostridium

bacterial growth curve

lag - inc activity to prepare for replictaion

log - cell division + replication

stationary - end growth

death - rapid cell death

bacterial chromosome

NO nuclear membrane

has haploid membrane

ONLY HAS EXTRONS

3 genetic transfer mechanisms of bacteria

transformation - via integration into recipient cell

transduction - via bacteriophage, infection, integrate DNA

conjugation/transposition - plasmid DNA via sex pilus

what does normal body flora cause

pseudomembranous colitis

** mechnaism: overgrowth of clostridium difficile -> rise in cortisol -> depletes secretory IgA

what produces LPS to mediate endotoxin action

neisseria gonrhhea

endotoxin pathway

LPS attaches to TLR-4 -> induce innate immune response -> production of TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6

** at site of infection, initiates clotting + complement pathways

superantigens

wants to attach itself outside the peptide binding groove -> massive T cell activation + massive cross linking if TCR + MHC II -> massive release of T cells + cytokines

CYTOKINE STORM

how does superantigens lead to hypotension

TNF-a from Th1 cell, APC, IL-1 -> massive vasodilation -> massive vascular leakage -> hypotension

macrophages + NK cells mediate + produce

innate immune response against intracellular bacteria (type 1)

granzyme, perforin, IFN gamma

neutrophils mediate

innate immune response against extracellular bacteria (type 3)

both oxygen dependent and oxygen independent mechanisms

Th1 cells and CD8 T cells mediate

=adaptive immune response against intracellular bacteria (type 1)

Th1 - IFN gamma

CD8 T cells - perforin + granzyme

Th17 cells mediate

adaptive immune response against extracellular bacteria (type 3)

second influx of neutrophils

humoral response to bacteria

IgG and IgA - block attachment of bacteria to host cell receptors

facultative anaerobic bacteria

grows in presence/absence of oxygen

gram positive rod shaped bacteria

aerobic: bacillus, listeria, corynebacterium

anaerobic: clostridium, actinomyces, lactobacillus, propionibacterium

gram positive cocci shaped bacteria

aerobic: staph. aureus, streptococcus, s. pneumoniae, viridans streps, enterococcus, peptostrep

gram negative rod shaped bacteria

aerobic: enterobacteria, vibrio, pseudomonas, burkholderia, stenotrop

anaerobic: bacteriodes (in colon), fusobacterium

gram negative cocci shaped bacteria

aerobic: neisseria, moaxella, brucella, legionella, francisella, borderella haemophilus

anaerobic: veillonella

lactose enzyme test distinguishes...

pathogenic from nonpathogenic enterobacteria

positive = e. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, citrobacter

negative = salmonella, shigella, proteus

lancefield strep sprecies

pyogenes, agalactiae, dysgalactiae

what inhibits DNA gyrase and topo 4, essential for bacterial DNA replication

quinolones

which viruses have an RNA genome

hep A, hep D, hep C

bacteria growth mediums support ...

chocolate - haemophilus + neisseria

lowenstein jensen - mycobacteria

Thayer martin - neisseria + gonorrhea (better for neisseria than chocolate

mannitol salt - only for S. aureus (high salt stops mannitol)

MacConkey, EMB - gram neg rods (has lactose)

EMB inhibits gram positive

chemical changes in bacteria growth mediums

MacConkey - lactose makes it red, no lactose makes no color change

EMB - acidic makes it dar purple w green metallic sheen

differentiate neisseria series

N. menigitidis - both maltose and glucose

N. gonnorhea - ferments only glucose

catalase test

positive = bubbles, gas formation (staph)

negative = no bubbles (strep)

coagulase test

positive = precipitate/gel formation (S. aureus)

negative = no gel (S. epidermidis)

kirby bauer assay

evaluate sensitivity of an organism

diameter of growth zone = basis for rating an organism for how resistant/sensitive it is to an antibiotic

sterilants

physical

- steam under pressure - 15-30 min @121-132 deg C

- UV radiation - 30 min kill bacteria, 2 hrs kills bacteria + fungi

gas vapor -> hydrogen peroxide

chemical -> glutaraldehyde

disinfection

destruction of microbes but destroying resilient microbes doesn't reach effective sterilization lvl

viral capsid classification

helical - corona virus

isocahedral - adenovirus, HSV, VZV, HIV

complex - poxvirus

virion shape/size

human DNA (polygonal round)

- smallest: parvovirus (single stranded)

- largest: pox virus

human RNA (rod)

- smallest: picomavirus (cause acute hemorrhagic conj, enterovirus D70, coxsackie virus A24)

- largest: paramyxovirus

characteristics of a non enveloped virus

fecal oral is a common mode of transmission

released from host cell by lysis

resistant to heat/acid/detergent

can survive in the GI tract

macromolecular synthesis

RNA dependent RNA - RNA viruses

RNA dependent DNA - retroviruses (reverse transcriptase, DNA -> proviral DNA)

DNA dependent RNA - retroviruses (proviral DNA -> RNA)

what RNA viruses encode RNA dependent RNA polymerase to generate viral mRNA from neg RNA template

picornavirus, rotavirus

what RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus of the host cell

influenza, HIV, HTLV-1

what has tropism for the liver

hep B

what are growth immunosuppressors

RB110 and p53

** oncogenic virus

Kaposi's sarcome

RNA virus when CD4 T cell count is less than 200

cytopathic/cytopathogenic effects are

structural changes in virus infected host cells

cell fusion (synctia formation) is

fusion of plasma membranes of 4+ virus infected cells to produce enlarged cell w 4+ nuclei (MNGC)

glycoproteins bind to receptors of adjoining cells -> cell-cell fusion

what viruses have DNA replicates in the nucleus of the host cell

parvovirus, adenovirus, HSV

types of viral cytopathogenesis and are they plasmic or nuclear

CMV - both plasmic and nuclear

poxvirus - only plasmic

adenovirus - only nuclear

cowdry type A nuclear inclusions

seen in HSV or VZV

what CPE is typical of most enteroviruses

total destruction of all infected cells -> shrink + become dense (pyknosis)

HBV

releases large amounts of HB surface antigens into the blood -> bind antibodies to form immune complexes

deposition of immune complexes in basement membrane of kidney glomeruli -> renal dysfunction

guillain barre syndrome

demyelinating disease from molecular mimicry

diseases caused by immunosuppression

measles - T cells, B cells, NK cells

HIV - CD4 T cells, DCs, macrophages (Gp120 binds to CD4 and CCR5)

HIV incubation period

very long (1-10 yrs)

factors that promote transmission

- stability of virion in response to environment

- secretion of virus into transmissible modes

- asymptomatic

- ineffective immune response

modes of viral transmission

fecal oral - hep A, hep E

contact - adenovirus

genetic - prions

bodily fluid contact - HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, hep delta, CMV, EBV,

animals - zika (mosquito), hanta (rat), rabies (raccoon)

maternal neonatal - HIV, HTLV-1, CMV, rubella, parvovirus B19, HPV, HSV

high titers of what to prevent reinfection

IgG and IgA - stop cells from accessing another cell

what uses lattices to avoid being taken down

HSV, VZV, retroviruses

prions

neurodegenerative

- long incubation: 30 yrs

- transmission: contaminated surgical device, injection, food, genetic

- can't be taken down by: formaldehyde, protease, heat, ionzing/UV radiation

- have proteins + infectious agenst

- no cytopathologic effect

- do not have nucleic acids

- NEVER induce an immune/inflammatory response or produce interferons (but viruses do!)

what RNA viruses encode RNA dependent RNA polymerase to generate viral mRNA from neg RNA template