Ch 17.2 cardiac anatomy

what cavity contains the heart

pericardial cavity

What is the mediastinum? What structures will be in the mediastinum?

area between lungs

contains:

• heart

• great vessels

• trachea

• esopahus

• thymus

How many chambers does the human heart contain?

4

pulmonary circuit: which chamber pumps blood out

R.ventricle pumps blood to lungs

pulmonary circuit: which chamber does the blood return?

L.atrium via pulmonary veins

pulmonary circuit:Is this a high- or low-pressure circuit?

low

pulmonary circuit:Where does gas exchange occur?

alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

systemic circuit:Is this a high- or low-pressure circuit?

high

systemic circuit:Which chamber pumps blood?

L.Ventricle pump O2 blood to tissues

systemic circuit:To where does the blood return?

R.atrium via vena cava

systemic circuit:Where does gas exchange occur?

systemic capillaries and tissues

Which of the great vessels are afferent vessels? Do they return blood to the heart or carry it away

from the heart?

veins, carry blood back to heart

Which of the great vessels are efferent vessels? Do they return blood to the heart or carry it away

from the heart?

arteries, carry blood away from heart

Between which two locations will the vena cava carry blood?

body tissues and R.atrium

Is that blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? Body tissues to R.atrium

Deoxygenated

Between which two locations will the pulmonary veins carry blood?

lungs to the left atrium.

Is that blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?lungs to L.atrium

Oxygenated

Between which two locations will the pulmonary trunk/pulmonary arteries carry blood?

R.Ventricle to lungs

is that blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? R.ventricle to lungs

deoxygenated

Between which two locations will the aorta carry blood?

L.ventricle to body tissues

Is that blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? L.atrium to Body tissue

oxygenated

Where are the atrial natriuretic peptides produced?

cardiac muscles of R.atrium

What structures open into the right atrium?

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

What structures open into the left atrium?

Pulmonary veins (2 left and 2 right).

What is the function of the moderator band?

→ Sends electrical signal to control papillary muscle contractions

Compare and contrast the right and left ventricles.

→ Right ventricle: thinner wall, crescent shape, pumps to lungs (low pressure).
→ Left ventricle: thicker wall, round shape, pumps to body (high pressure).

What structures does the foramen ovale connect?

→ Right and left atria

when the foramen ovale closes, what forms?

The fossa ovalis.

What structures are connected by the ductus arteriosus?

→ The pulmonary trunk and the aorta.

When the ductus arteriosus closes, what forms?

→ The ligamentum arteriosum.

What structure is bypassed by the ductus venosus?

→ Allows fetal circulation to bypass immature liver

When the ductus venosus closes, what forms?

ligamentum venosum

Why does the heart have valves?

Valves prevent backflow of blood

What are the valve cusps comprised of?

Comprised of extensions of the fibrous skeleton
Covered by endocardium

Know where the tricuspid and mitral valves are located.

Tricuspid valve: between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral valve: between left atrium and left ventricle

Know where the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves are located.

Pulmonary: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic: between left ventricle and aorta

Understand how the AV valves open and close.

AV Valves open when ventricles and papillary muscles relax
AV Valves close when ventricles and papillary muscles contract

Know how tension in the chordae tendineae will change in the valve as it opens and closes.

Chordae tendineae tense to hold valve shut when ventricles contract; relaxed when open

Understand how the semilunar valves open and close.

→ SL Valves open when ventricles contract and pressure increases
SL Valves close when ventricles relax and pressure decreases

Be able to list the components of the route of blood flow in the correct order.

1. SVC & IVC

2. R. Atrium

3. Tricuspid Valve

4. R. Ventricle

5. Pulmonary SL valve

6. Pulmonary Trunk

7. Pulmonary Arteries

8. Lungs

9. Pulmonary Veins

10. L. Atrium

11. Mitral Valve

12. L. Ventricle

13. Aortic SL valve

14. Aorta

15. Tissues

how are the coronary vessels imaged?

Arteries can be imaged via coronary angiogram

What is the main cause of coronary artery disease?

→ Fatty plaque deposits in vessel wall (arteriosclerosis)

What causes a myocardial infarction?

→ Results when plaque ruptures and clot obstructs blood flow — causes death of myocardial tissue

Understand how arteriosclerosis can be treated.

→ Angioplasty — stent — coronary bypass