Unit 4 Literary Terms

quiz on Friday, December 20

crisis

the turning point of the plot; the incident or event that suggests or indicates the outcome of the main struggle; the point at which one is reasonably sure of the outcome of the narrative

criterion

a standard, principle, rule, or canon by which a literary work is judged

criterion example

if one believes that all novels must have movement or action, one will condemn a novel like Hawthorne’s *The Scarlet Letter* because of its slow-moving plot

criticism

the art of judging the values and faults of works of art or literature; does not mean the mere pointing out of deficiencies, but rather the evaluation or estimation of the total effect, as well as the component aspects, of the literary artistic work

criticism example

Steinbeck’s novel *The Grapes of Wrath r*eceived a Pulitzer Prize, but also received massive criticism for his use of the socialist beliefs of Lenin and Marx, and California and Oklahoma banned the novel because he portrayed man’s inhumanity to man by using the socioeconomic conditions prevalent in both states during 1930

critque

an essay or article in criticism of a literary work, a review; implies scholarship and care and, therefore, should not be applied to superficial and careless work

dactyl

foot of poetry with three syllables, one stressed and two unstressed, almost like a waltz

dactyl example

“Just a handful of silver he left us.”

- Robert Browning, *The Lost Leader*

deductive reasoning

reasoning from a general principle to a particular case, or drawing from a general premise a conclusion about a specific example, hence reasoning from whole to part; in deduction, the regular logical form is called syllogism, consisting of three propositions: a major and a minor premise, and a conclusion; a false conclusion, drawing a conclusion to justified by premises is called a *non sequitus* (Latin for “it does not follow”)

deductive reasoning example

John reasons that he will not put his hands into the fire because fire always burns any person with whom it comes in contact

syllogism example

All men are mortal. (major premise)

Socrates is a man. (minor premise)

Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)

false conclusion

All boys like sports

Jane likes sports

Therefore, Jane is a boy

denouement

a name given to the last scene or incident that unites or unravels the knots still remaining in the plot; very common in detective and mystery stories, giving the explanation for the yet unexplained mysteries of the plot

deus ex machina

when the Gods intervene to resolve a seemingly impossible conflict; primarily refers to an unlikely or improbable coincidence; a “cop-out” ending; any person or thing or condition artificially introduced into a story or play to solve abruptly a difficulty unsolvable by ordinary means or an unexpected or improbably occurrence which saves a situation

deus ex machina example

in Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver is hoping to get away from the island of Bleufuscu and just “happens to find” an empty boat in good condition on the shore

dialect

a local or provincial form of language, differing from other forms, especially from the standard or literary form, thus, one language may contain several dialects; covers both written and spoken forms of language; synonyms are vernacular, lingo, cant, argot, patois and slang

dialect example

English - Yankee, Western, Southern

diction

the deliberate choice of a style of language for a desired effect or tone; good authors choose words carefully to achieve a particular effect that is formal, informal or colloquial

diction example

Hawthorne in *The Scarlet Letter* - formal

Mark Twain in *The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn* - highly informal

didactic

a speech, story, essay, poem or play in which the author’s primary purpose is to instruct, teach or moralize; most allegories are such

didactic example

Lowell’s *Vision of Sir Launfal*

Longfellow’s *A Psalm of Life*

dimeter

meter of two feet in a line of poetry

distortion

an exaggeration or stretching of the truth to achieve a desired effect

dithyramb

a kind of lyric poem in honor of Dionysus or Bacchus, the gods of wine in Greek and Roman mythology; a poem in a wild, irregular strain and a speech or writing in a vehement style

doggerel

light verse, especially burlesque or comic, often irregular in form

doggerel example

“Candy is Dandy,

But Liquor is Quicker”

\- Ogden Nash, “Reflection on Ice-Breaking”

double-entendre

an expression usually intended to be humorous which iscapable of two interpretations, one of them often indelicate or risque

drama

an expression usually intended to be acted upon a stage, presenting a story by means of characters speaking or acting; the usual division of it is into acts (ordinarily from three to five) and scenes

dramatic monologue

a poem or dramatic qualities told entirely by one person to one or more listeners

dramatic monologue example

Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess”

elegy

a lyric poem expression sadness or grief, usually for the dead

elegy example

Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”

Milton’s “Lycidas”

Shelly’s “Adonais”

ellipsis

a rhetorical device used for the sake of increased vividness and energy in which a word or words are omitted which are necessary to the complete construction of a sentence but not required for the understanding of it; also the use of three dots indicating the omission of words

ellipsis example

Who steals my purse steals trash

empathy

a somewhat vague term akin to sympathy and applied almost exclusively to the drama; means the projection of one’s own consciousness into another being; does not mean that the spectator identifies himself with a character being portrayed, but rather, that the spectator is able to feel a sense of reality and universal human qualities of the character, and therefore, a sense of emotional and intellectual rapport with him, but he does not feel that he is the character, nor that he is vicariously experiencing the same emotions

end-stopped line

a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause because the sense is complete; a run-on line is one that does not end that way

end-stopped line example

“**It blesseth him that gives and him that takes:**

Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes

The throned monarch better than his crown”

Shakespeare, *The Merchant of Venice*

epic

a long narrative poem, relating in lofty style the deeds of a great (usually national) hero of ancient or legendary times; usually it contains supernatural or superhuman elements and frequently deals with a national struggle

epic example

Homer’s *Illiad* and *Odyssey*

Virgil’s *Aeneid*

English epic Beowulf

the French *Chanson de Roland*

epigram

a very short poem or prose piece, or a very short passage, expressing a single idea with brevity and cleverness, and often with wit; commonly, a short, pointed saying

epigram example

“Hope springs eternal in the human breast.”

\- Alexander Pope