History Unit 5 Test

Germanic Kingdoms

Germanic tribes established kingdoms in former Western Roman Empire / Ill-equipped to govern, this began the breakdown of civil society as the Romans knew it

Monasticism

Renouncing the world in order to commit oneself totally serving to God

Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne’s empire / covered much of central and western Europe / largest empire at the time that declined after death of Charlemagne → empire divided among his 3 grandsons

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of Roman Empire after fall of Western / strategic location / greek became common and official language / central economy of Europe / christianity was state religion / emperor ruled both state and the church

Saint Benedict

Offered a form of monasticism that was more sustainable / centered around communal living / prayed and worked

Vikings

Invaders of Europe from Scandinavia “pirates” / traders (raided northern Europe) / traders (traded weapons)

Justinian

Most famous Byzantine Emperor / wanted to re-establish roman empire / recaptured territory in the west (North Africa, Italy, Spain) / created Justinian Code

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Frankish ruler / led military expansion in attempt to rebuild Roman Empire / blended Christian, Roman, and Germanic culture

Feudalism

An economic and political system marked by decentralized power (kings no longer provided protection, now became local ruler's authority) / Hierarchical, contractual relationships / Exchange of labor/military service for land/protection

Eastern Schism

In 1054, these mounting tensions came to a head \n The leaders of the Church in the East and in the West broke full communion with each other → Origins of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church \n (Schisms DO NOT get reunited)

Guilds

an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory (To help the medieval economy) / access was very limited

Thomas Aquinas

Most Famous Scholastic Philosopher/Theologian / theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Investiture Controversy

Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands / Multiple popes in power / End: after battling with the pope over the power to elect bishops -----> Henry V was weakened and negotiated

Universities

Guilds of teachers and students / Learned ----> Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric / Logic consisted of . . . arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (all considered liberal arts) / Halfway point = Bachelors Degree of arts - - - > Master's Degree later on (Medicine, Theology, Law) / Theology was the most prestigious (NO WOMEN ALLOWED) / (Aristotle = Core of curriculum)

Gothic Architecture

Significant architectural features: pointed arches, stained glass, flying buttresses, rib vaulting, ornate decorating, spires

Mendicant Orders

Catholic Christian religious orders have adopted a lifestyle of poverty, traveling, and living in urban areas for preaching (especially to the poor)

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas / Content: Faith + Reason / Methods: Learning by argument, Posing a Question, Debating both sides

Black Death

Bubonic plague in Western Eurasia and North Africa / 1200-1400 / reactions: lack of scientific understanding / Some saw it as a punishment from God → Self-flagellation / Others looked for a scapegoat → Rise in Anti-Semitism

Dante’s Divine Comedy

1308-1321 / Written in Italian vernacular / Tells the story of the pilgrim journey of Dante through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven / Reflects the worldview of St. Thomas Aquinas in the *Summa*

The Hundred Year’s War

England vs. France (1337-1453) / Cause: King Philip VI seized duchy of Gascony from England

Major battles within - (1346 Battle of Crécy) (1415 Agincourt) (1429 Siege of Orléans)

Impact: military changes were pikes, longbows, cannons, rose of professional armies

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

1387-1400 / written in english vernacular / Tells the story of a group of pilgrims in a story-telling contest on their journey from London to Canterbury Cathedral / Offers a portrait of the turbulence of the Late Middle Ages

Western Schism

(1378-1417) After Pope Gregory XI died, 2 popes were elected (italian pope in rome and french pope in avignon) / roman church divided loyalties based on political connections / fearing another schism → church came together at Council of Constance → resolved crisis

How Europe changed after the Fall of Roman Empire

Barbarians invaded - established kingdoms within former Western Roman Empire / church grew in power and acted as a stabilizing force in society / byzantine empire became culturally distinct (from romans) due to the influence of greek language and christianity

Factors that led to increased power in High Middle Ages

spread of christianity within and beyond further roman empire / surge in religious enthusiasm and popularity of monasticism / papal reforms of the 1000s which ended the lay investiture

Social and economic effects of the Black Death

Decline of trade / labor shortages / falling food prices / struggling economy / decline of serfdom

Significance of Investiture Controversy

It had lasting effects because of the idea of papal supremacy over secular rulers was established

Significance of Hundred Year’s War

Made huge impact on military → changed the way it was operated