Biology midterm

Element

Individual atoms that make up molecules

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Biomolecules

life molecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids

Macromolecule

a big molecule

Monomer

Single piece, building block of a Polymer

Polymer

Many Monomers put together

Carbohydrate

CHO-Quick source of energy- ose-

Lipid

CHO (few O)- No true Monomer- Long term energy, make up cell membrane, insulation - Fats

Protein

CHON - Amino acids- Chemical reactions, Cell transport, fight deseases (antibodies) - Enzymes, hemoglobin

Nucleic Acid

CHONP - Nucleotide - DNA, RNA - Store and transmit genetic info.

Hydrolosis

TO BREAK POLYMERS, water added in

Dehydration Synthesis

TO MAKE POLYMERS, water removed

Mono-

one

Poly-

many

Synthesis

To make

Hydro-

water

Lysis-

To break

Dehydration

Lack water

Enzyme

Protein catalyst

Catalyst

Speeds up chemical reactions

Activation Energy

Amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

Products

Comes OUT of a reaction

Reactants

Goes INTO reaction

Substrate

Reactant - Enzyme is going to change

Active Site

Where substrate binds/attaches

Enzyme-Substrate complex

Enzyme + Substrate attached

Denature

Change in protein/enzyme shape! Changing shape changes how well the protein/enzyme works!

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Cell

Basic unit of life

Homeostasis

a balanced internal state

Cell theory

1) All living things are made of cells

2)Cells = basic unit of life

3)Cells come from other cells

Prokaryotic

No nucleus

Eukaryotic

Do nucleus

Uni-

one

Unicellular

One cell

Multi-

Many

Multicellular

Many cells

Organelle

"Mini organ" specialized structures within a cell that comes out a specific job/function

Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Controls what enters and exits the cell

Cell wall

Protection and structure

Cytoplasm (Cytosol)

Cushions organelles

Nucleus

Holds DNA

Nuclear membrane

Surrounds the nucleus

Mitochondria

Changes glucose into energy

Ribosomes

Make protein

Endopalsmic Rectum (ER)

Transportation system

Rough Endopalsmic Rectum (RER)

Make proteins (because of ribosomes)

Smooth Endopalsmic Rectum (SER)

Makes lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Package and ship things out of cell

Lysosomes

Break/digest stuff

Vacluoles

Storage

Chloroplast

Sunlight to glucose

Cilia

Movement "little hairs"

Flagella

Movement "Tail"

Cytoskelaton

Collection of fibers that provide support for the cell and it's organelles

Homeostasis

Balance

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water fearing/hating

Selectively permeable

Picky

Cholesterol (in cell membrane)

Helps keep membrane fluid

Proteins (in cell membrane)

Peripheral and integral

Carbs (in cell membrane)

Helps with cell recognition

Phospholipid

Main component of cell membrane

Bilayer

Two layers

Solute

Stuff

Concentration gradient

When there's a difference in the amount of solute on either side of the membrane.

Passive transport

Move solute from high to low concentration (No energy)

Simple diffusion (AKA.Diffusion)

High to low solute concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

High to low solute concentration, needs protein

Osmosis

H2O moves from high H2O to low H2O OR H2O moves from low solute to high solute

Active transport

Move solute from low to high solute concentration, needs protein and energy (ATP)

ATP

Energy

Exocytosis

Enter

Endocytosis

Exit

Hypotonic

*LOW SOLUTE outside cell

*High solute inside cell

*Water moves from hypo to hyper

*WATER IN

Isotonic

*EQUAL solute inside and outside cell

*At equilibrium (equal/balance)

*Water moves in and out of the cell to keep balanced state

* WATER IN AND OUT

Hypertonic

*HIGH SOLUTE outside cell

*Low solute inside cell

*Water moves from hypo from hyper

--\>Cell shrinks (smaller)

*WATER OUT

DNA

Dexyribonucleic Acid

Nucleus

Where the DNA is kept

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acid

Nucleic acid

macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Deoxyribose

sugar in DNA

Double helix

Shape of DNA (twisted ladder)

Base pairs

A, T, C, G

Anti-parallel

Strands run/go in opposite directions

Replication

Copying

DNA replication

Copying DNA