Biology Chapter 1

Structure is the…

study of shape, arrangement, and composition of the parts of a living thing or what materials an organism is made of and how those materials are used to build the parts of a living thing

Function is the…

study of the traits, behaviors, and purpose of the parts of a living thing or what the structures of a living thing actually do and how they contribute to the behavior of a living thing

living things are made of

cells

a cell consists of a thin, flexible outer structure called a…

plasma membrane

inside of the plasma membrane is a highly…

organized aqueous space called the cytoplasm where the processes of life happen

unicellular

a single celled organism

multicellular

organisms built from many cells

all living things must

replicate themselves

replication means

making a copy of something

cells replicate using

cell division

mitosis is just one type of

cell division

the two characteristics that form the basis of the cell theory of bio:

principle #1: all organisms are made of cells

principle #2: all cells must replicate from other cells

what were the two ideas about how cells came to be

1) spontaneous generation

2) cells-from-cells (cell theory)

Spontaneous generation summarizes that

cells and living things could arise from non-living organic matter

cells-from-cells (cell theory) summarizes that

cells must replicate from other cells

all living things must store info about their structure and function and then

pass that info on during replication

all of the info needed to build all of the structures and perform all of the functions of a cell is stored in the cell’s

chromosomes

the individual pieces of info stored in the chromosomes are

genes

Sukunaarchaeum mirabile

• single-celled organism called archaea

• lives inside of the cells of sea plankton called dinoflagekkates

• one chromosome with only 230 genes

• has no genes that allow it to make ATP

Thomas Hunt Morgan found that eye color in fruit flies is inherited in the same way as

reproductive sex

pattern of inheritance of the white eye trait only fit if

the gene for eye color was on the X chromosomes

the chromosomes of the cell are made of a molecule called

DNA

each gene in a chromosome contains genetic info stored in a

unique sequence of DNA molecules

this info is copied into a “mobile” form called

mRNA

info in RNA is used by the cell to make

proteins

proteins are responsible for

providing most of the structure & function to a cell

all living things must

acquire and use energy

the processes of life are dependent upon the cell’s ability to

perform chemical reactions

chemical reactions are necessary to both

build cell structures and perform cell structures

performing chemical reactions in cells typically

requires the input of energy

the complete set of chemical reactions used in a cell is called its

metabolism

a cell’s metabolism can be divided into 2 parts:

1) chemical reactions that break down the chemical bonds of a molecule

2) chemical reactions that use energy to build new chemical bonds and new molecules

catabolic reactions

break down the chemical bonds of a molecule

catabolic reactions are most likely to

release energy that cells can use to do work

in cells the energy released by catabolism of food sources is stores temporarily in a molecule called

ATP

anabolic reactions

use energy to build new chemical bonds and new molecules

anabolic reactions are most likely to require the cell to

spend stored energy to build molecules and structures

the traits of living things change over time by the process of

evolution

the info stored in the genes of our chromosomes is

inherently unstable and can change over time

evolution can also happen when cells and organisms

replicate

evolved cells and organisms that replicated inherit changes to their genes and thus

changes their structure and function

decent with modification means

that offspring have different traits than their parents

the theory of evolution says that if the traits inherited make the offspring better at replication then…

those traits will become more common

the theory of evolution says that if the traits inherited make the offspring worse at replication then…

the traits will become less common

at the chemical the atoms that make up the body combine to form:

biological molecules

the biological molecules of the body are used to build

cells and cellular structures

at the cellular level collections of cells associate together form:

tissues

tissue is a group of related cells that are

woking together to perform a common function

at the tissue level different types of tissues associate together to form:

organs

organs are a collection of tissue that form a

body structure specialized to carry out a specific part of a complex physiological function

at the organ level organs work together in

organ systems

organ systems are a group of organs that work together to

regulate or perform one or more complex physiological function

at the organ system level the organ systems of the body depend upon each other to

produce the physiology of an entire living thing (organism)

the thing that makes biology complex is that living organisms

require the proper function of body systems at all levels of organization

changes to or malfunctions of the organism at any of the levels of organization can

change or disrupt the function of the levels

matter

any object that has mass and occupies space

energy

the ability to do work

all matter we interact with is made of

atoms

atoms are

a single unit of matter that consists of, at its center, a nucleus made of protons and neutrons and that nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons

proton

a subatomic particle that has a positive charge

neutron

a subatomic particle that has no charge (neutral)

electron

a subatomic particle that has a negative charge

element

a pure substance consisting of only one type of atom

in an atom the number of protons and the number of electrons is

equal

the number of protons in the nucleus is the

atomic number

the total number of protons and neutrons is the

atomic mass

electrostatic interactions

fundamental forces between charged objects, where like charges repel and opposite charges attract

Coulomb’s law

the physical law that defines how electrical charges interact

Coulomb’s law describes the

force generated when charged particles interact

when particles interact, charges of the same type:

repel each other

when particles interact, charges of the opposite type:

attract each other

the more charge that particles have:

the stronger that attractive or repulsive force is

Coulomb’s law means that the electrical force of an electrostatic interaction will increase as…

the particles get closer to each other

Coulomb’s law means that the electrical force of an electrostatic interaction will decrease as…

the particles get further away from each other

because charge (Q) is in the numerator we say that electrical force (F) in an interaction is…

directly proportional to the strength of the charges

directly proportional means that as one of these factors changes, the other

changes in the same direction

because distance (d) is in the denominator we say that electrical force (f) in an interaction is

inversely proportional to the distance between the particles

inversely proportional means that as one of these factors changes, the other changes

in the opposite direction

in protons what do the special nuclear forces do

they strongly hold protons and neutrons together

in protons what do the neutrons do

they increase the distance between the protons

Coulomb’s law states that the electrical force gets weaker as…

distance increases

electrons are constantly in motion…

around the nucleus in electron “shells”

the shells form

spheres around the nucleus

the first shell is very small and can only hold

2 electrons

the second shell is much larger and can hold up to

8 electrons

what do electrons have that keeps them constantly in motion within a shell

internal energy

the amount of internal energy each electron has determines…

which shell it is in

the closer the shell is to the nucleus the…

less internal energy it has

the shells are in define locations becasue

energy is quantized

quantized

energy is contained within objects in the packets of a defined and unchanging amount of energy

quantum

smallest unit of energy

electrons in shell 1 have

1 quantum of energy

electrons are never found between shells because

it is not physically possible to have fractional amounts of energy

electrons must have internal energy and

sit within an electron shell