P2 LEC

B6

Transamination reactions are dependent on the cofactor PLP, which involves vitamins.

Bile pigment

A colored tetrapyrrole degradation product present in bile _________.

Glucogenic Amino Acid

Amino acid that has carbon-containing product that can be used to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis

Malate

Fumarate entered the citric acid cycle, where it is converted to___.

Urea

Hydrolysis of Arginine produces ___.

Urea

One of several molecules eliminated from the body through urine.

Argininosuccinate lyase

Catalyzes the cleavage of argininosuccinate into arginine.

Aspartate

Second molecule of “fuel” entering the Urea cycle, having been previously generated from glutamate by transamination.

Mitochondria

Urea cycle occurs partially in the __.

Carbamoyl phosphate

“Fuel” for the urea cycle

Urea Cycle

A cyclic biochemical pathway in which urea is produced, for excretion, using ammonium ions and aspartate molecules as nitrogen sources.

Urine

The urea, produced in the liver, is transported in the blood to the kidneys and eliminated from the body in ______.

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Oxidative deamination of glutamate requires the enzyme ________.

Oxidative deamination

A biochemical reaction in which an a-amino acid is converted into a-keto acid with release of an ammonium ion.

Transamination reaction

A biochemical reaction that involves the interchange of the amino group of an a-amino acid with the keto group of an a-keto acid.

Nitrogen balance

The state that results when the amount of nitrogen taken into the human body as protein equals the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body in waste materials.

Stomach

Protein digestion begins in the ___.

Pepsinogen

Inactive form of the digestive enzymes pepsin.

Protein turnover

The repetitive process in which proteins are degraded and resynthesized within the human body.

Arginine

Amino acid is essential for the diet of children but not for adults.

1 and 1

How many FADH2 and NADH molecule are produced, respectively, during the one turn of the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway?

2

How many units of acetyl CoA are produced when acetoacetyl CoA undergoes cleavage using thiolase?

9

How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced when C18 fatty acids is completely processed through β-oxidation pathway.

Glucose

Hyperglycemia is caused by increased hepatic production of.

Acetyl CoA

Starting material for lipogenesis

Cytosol

Lipogenesis occurs in the ____.

Lipogenesis

Metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl CoA. As was the case for the opposing processes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis is not simply a reversal of the steps for degradation of fatty acids (the β oxidation pathway).

Ketoacidosis

Extremely serious ketosis that can develop to persons with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes.

Ketonuria

The renal threshold is exceeded and ketone bodies are excreted in the urine.

Ketosis

Often detectable by the smell of acetone on a person’s breath.

33 %

Lipids are _____ % more efficient that carbohydrates for energy storage with equal no. of carbons

Adipocyte

A triacylglycerol-storing cell.

Acetyl CoA

Refers to a two-carbon chain covalently bonded to coenzyme A.

1

How many molecules of glycerol is produced, during triacylglycerol mobilization?

Chylomicron

A lipoprotein that transports triacylglycerols from intestinal cells.

Micelles

With the help of bile, the free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols produced from hydrolysis are combined into tiny spherical droplets called _______.

Chyme

A thick semi-liquid material made up of partially digested food and gastric secretions.

Dehydration

The first step of the β-oxidative pathway.

Ketogenesis

Metabolic pathway by which ketone bodies are synthesized from acetyl CoA.

Mouth

The digestion of carbohydrate begins in the _______

Small intestine

The primary site for carbohydrate digestion is within the

Salivary amylase

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of a glycosidic linkages in starch from plants and glycogen from meats to produce smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose

Glycolysis

Metabolic pathway by which glucose, a C6 molecule is converted into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glucose 6- phosphate

Phosphorylation of glucose will produce ______.

Phosphofructokinase

Enzyme involved in step 3 of glycolysis.

Step 4 to 10

Energy generating stage of glycolysis

Phosphoglycerokinase

Enzyme involved in sep 7 of glycolysis.

Substrate level phosphorylation

Biochemical process whereby ATP is produced from ADP through direct transfer of a high-energy phosphoryl group from a reaction substrate to ADP.

Phosphoglyceromutase

Catalyzes the exchange of the phosphate group between the two carbons

Pyruvate kinase

Enzyme involved in the Phosphorylation of ADP formation of pyruvate

CoA

Under aerobic (oxygen-rich) conditions, pyruvate is oxidized to ___.

Fermentation

A biochemical process by which NADH is oxidized to NAD+ without the need of oxygen.

Lactate fermentation

.Enzymatic anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to lactate.

NAD+

.The sole purpose of lactate fermentation is to convert NADH to ___.

Glycogenesis

Metabolic pathway by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate.

Phosphorylation of ADP: Formation of Pyruvate

The following are the reactions involves in glycogenesis except:

Glucose-UDP

Activated carrier of glucose in glycogen synthesis.

Glycogenolysis

A metabolic pathway that does not require UTP or UDP molecules.

Glycogen phosphorylase

Catalyzes the removal of an end glucose unit from a glycogen molecule as glucose 1-phosphate.

Phosphoglucoisomerase

Catalyzes the isomerization process whereby the phosphate group of glucose 1-phosphate is moved to the carbon 6 position.

Glucagon

A polypeptide hormone produced by pancreas by alpha cells, and it is released when glucose levels is low.

Epinephrine

Hormone that is released by adrenal glands and also known as adrenaline.

Chemiosmotic coupling

It is an explanation for the coupling of ATP synthesis with electron transport chain reactions that requires a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

13

Cytochrome c Oxidase complex IV contains ______ subunits.

CoQH2

Electron movement through complex III is initiated by the electron carrier called ___.

NADH

It is the source for the electrons that are processed through Complex I.

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Series of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are passed to intermediate carriers and then ultimately react with molecular oxygen to produce water.

Fumarase

Catalyzes the addition of water to the double bond of fumarate

2

How many molecules of pyruvate are produced in glycolysis?

Citrate synthase

The condensation of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form Citryl CoA is catalyzed by ____.

Mitochondria

Citric acid cycle occurs in ______.

Digestion

Biochemical process by which food molecules, through hydrolysis, are broken down into simpler chemical units that can be used by cells for their metabolic needs.

ATP molecules

Primary energy carriers in metabolic pathways.

Both H+ and electrons

NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to release _______.

ATP synthase complex

Small spherical knob attached to cristae

Ribosomes

Site for protein synthesis.

Eukaryotic cell

Cell in which the DNA is found in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

Mitochondria

Generates most of the energy for a cell.

Isomerization

Citrate is converted to its less symmetrical isomer isocitrate in the process called _____.

Missense mutation

A type of mutation that changes in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.

Point mutation

Mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base.

Mutagen

Substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene.

Neomycin

It is a protein inhibitor that binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit in a manner similar to streptomycin.

Translation

It is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered and a particular protein molecule is synthesized.

tRNA

It is a molecule that functions as intermediates that deliver amino acids to the mRNA.

Promoter

During ignition RNA polymerase will bind to the ______ region of the DNA.

25 bp nucleotide upstream.

TATA box is located in ______.

5-3 direction

RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA starting from what direction?

TATA box

TATAA is also known as _____.

Codon

A three nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

Intron

A gene segment that does NOT convey (code for) genetic information.

Transcription

Process by which DNA directs the synthesis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules that carry the coded information needed for protein synthesis.

Genes

A segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule

mRNA

Carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis.

Methotrexate

An antimetabolite that inhibits the conversion of folic acid to this needed derivative, which shuts down DNA synthesis.

DNA Helicase

Influences the unwinding of DNA double helix, and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken.

Leading strand

The strand that grows continuously.

Nicks

The breaks or gaps in the daughter strand.

Topoisomerase

Enzymes that are involved in changing the supercoiled state of DNA.

H-

Stabilizes double helix together with base stacking (like stack of coins).