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Mitosis
Cell division by ___ is an equational division which gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained
Meiosis
type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
Gene
the DNA sequence that influences a trait by coding for a protein. basic unit of heredity
allele
different forms of a gene
genotype
genetic makeup of an individual
phenotype
an organisms observable traits
Dominant Mendelian trait
expressed by those who inherit the dominant allele from one or both parents
Natural selection
process by which differential reproductive success results from variation in heritable traits
Mutation
a change that occurs in DNA repetition and produces new alleles
Genetic drift
random change in allele frequencies in a population by chance
Gene flow
exchange of alleles between populations through hybridization or migration
3 conditions of selection
variation in a trait 2.inheritance of a trait 3. variance in a trait causes reproductive success
homoplasy
similarities in the characters of different species. Still, it does not have a common ancestor
convergent evolution
refers to the similarity between different species that occurs by the evolutionarily independent response.
homologous
similarity of a trait due to their decent from LCA
Biological species concept
Group of pop whose members have the potential to interbreed
DNA
Self replication and protein synthesis
mRNA
transcribes the combined sequence of coding regions for the export from nucleus to ribosome
Crossover
produces new combinations of alleles
How many alleles do we have in each somatic cell
2
diploid
are humans diploid or haploid
South or central money (new world) has what dental pattern
2:1:3:3
Where do non human living apes live
Africa and Asia
What does the Innominate articulate to
Femur
Strepsirhine has a ___ nose
wet
Haplorrine has a ____ nose
dry
Allopatric
One species evolving into 2 because they got separated
What hominid has a saggital crest
Paranthropus
What hominid has a nuchal torus
homo erectus
island dwarfism
Is what caused H. floresiensis to be small with big feet
Dating technique for Burnt stone tool
Thermoluminescence (absolute)
Dating technique for Fossils
Biostratigraphy (relative)
Dating technique for when earths megantic polarity switched
Paleomagnetism (relative)
Dating technique for flow stones
uranium series (absolute)
Dating technique for when organism died
Carbon 14 (absolute)
Dating technique for volcanic eruption
Argon-Argon (absolute)
Principle of original horizontally
Layers are rock are laid horizontal to earth no if it is not horizontal it was tilted or folded after originally deposited by other geologic forces
Principle of Superposition
Older layers are laid down first then buried by younger layers
Principle of cross cutting relationships
any geological feature that cuts across or disrupts another feature must be younger then the feature disrupted
Principle of faunal succession
states rock strata contains assemblages of fossil animals that succeed in each other in time that the identification of a specific combination of fossils is specific to a given point
acheulean biface tools
more advanced tool. Flaked on both sides to create sharp edge. used by homo errectus
Oldowan
less advanced tool. Used by homo Habilis and Australopithecus
Ancient DNA
fragmented and degraded. Easily contaminated, poorly preserved. requires invasive and destructive sampling.
Denisovans
Sister group to Neanderthals
Archaic introgression
humans interbreeding with neanderthals and Denisovans
Taunt child
appeared intermediate between apes and humans. small brain. foreman magnum suggests bipedal posture. Australopithecus Africanus.
Eumelanin
darker skin and protects folate from UV
phaeomelanin
lighter skin, allows UV rays to penetrate for vitamin D
Orthognathic
Flat face
Prognathic
angled face
Surpaorbital torus
brown ridge
Surpaorbital sulcus
space near brow ridge
Note 
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