UMN Human evolution ANTH1001 final

Mitosis

Cell division by ___ is an equational division which gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained

Meiosis

type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Gene

the DNA sequence that influences a trait by coding for a protein. basic unit of heredity

allele

different forms of a gene

genotype

genetic makeup of an individual

phenotype

an organisms observable traits

Dominant Mendelian trait

expressed by those who inherit the dominant allele from one or both parents

Natural selection

process by which differential reproductive success results from variation in heritable traits

Mutation

a change that occurs in DNA repetition and produces new alleles

Genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies in a population by chance

Gene flow

exchange of alleles between populations through hybridization or migration

3 conditions of selection

1. variation in a trait 2.inheritance of a trait 3. variance in a trait causes reproductive success

homoplasy

similarities in the characters of different species. Still, it does not have a common ancestor

convergent evolution

refers to the similarity between different species that occurs by the evolutionarily independent response.

homologous

similarity of a trait due to their decent from LCA

Biological species concept

Group of pop whose members have the potential to interbreed

DNA

Self replication and protein synthesis

mRNA

transcribes the combined sequence of coding regions for the export from nucleus to ribosome

Crossover

produces new combinations of alleles

How many alleles do we have in each somatic cell

2

diploid

are humans diploid or haploid

South or central money (new world) has what dental pattern

2:1:3:3

Where do non human living apes live

Africa and Asia

What does the Innominate articulate to

Femur

Strepsirhine has a ___ nose

wet

Haplorrine has a ____ nose

dry

Allopatric

One species evolving into 2 because they got separated

What hominid has a saggital crest

Paranthropus

What hominid has a nuchal torus

homo erectus

island dwarfism

Is what caused H. floresiensis to be small with big feet

Dating technique for Burnt stone tool

Thermoluminescence (absolute)

Dating technique for Fossils

Biostratigraphy (relative)

Dating technique for when earths megantic polarity switched

Paleomagnetism (relative)

Dating technique for flow stones

uranium series (absolute)

Dating technique for when organism died

Carbon 14 (absolute)

Dating technique for volcanic eruption

Argon-Argon (absolute)

Principle of original horizontally

Layers are rock are laid horizontal to earth no if it is not horizontal it was tilted or folded after originally deposited by other geologic forces

Principle of Superposition

Older layers are laid down first then buried by younger layers

Principle of cross cutting relationships

any geological feature that cuts across or disrupts another feature must be younger then the feature disrupted

Principle of faunal succession

states rock strata contains assemblages of fossil animals that succeed in each other in time that the identification of a specific combination of fossils is specific to a given point

acheulean biface tools

more advanced tool. Flaked on both sides to create sharp edge. used by homo errectus

Oldowan

less advanced tool. Used by homo Habilis and Australopithecus

Ancient DNA

fragmented and degraded. Easily contaminated, poorly preserved. requires invasive and destructive sampling.

Denisovans

Sister group to Neanderthals

Archaic introgression

humans interbreeding with neanderthals and Denisovans

Taunt child

appeared intermediate between apes and humans. small brain. foreman magnum suggests bipedal posture. Australopithecus Africanus.

Eumelanin

darker skin and protects folate from UV

phaeomelanin

lighter skin, allows UV rays to penetrate for vitamin D

Orthognathic

Flat face

Prognathic

angled face

Surpaorbital torus

brown ridge

Surpaorbital sulcus

space near brow ridge