Lab Final Review: Non-sterile Compounding Calculations

Why are amber vials used?

to protect against:

- temperature

- light

- moisture

Typical hazards in a lab

Chemical hazards

- fire/explosion

- chemical/thermal burns

- absorption of chemicals

- inhalation of chemicals

- ingestion of chemicals

Physical hazards

- slips, trips and falls

- cuts, scrapes, bruises

Electrical hazards

General routes of exposure

INHALATION of vapors, gasses, mists, or particulates

SKIN CONTACT with chemicals can cause skin or tissue damage or allow absorption into blood

INGESTION through GI tract

INJECTION from skin punctures from contaminated objects

Proper lab dress, PPE

- eye/face protection (safety goggles/glasses)

- lab coat

- chemical resistant gloves

- long pants

- closed toe shoes

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

designed to provide specific info. about chemicals including:

- physical properties

- physical & health hazards

- proper handling procedures

- readily accessible to students/employees

- located in room #610 non-sterile compoudnig lab in designated wood cabinet

MSDS content

• Chemical and manufacturer identity

• Hazardous ingredients

• Physical and chemical characteristics

• Fire, explosion, and reactivity

• Health hazards

- Routes of entry

- Exposure levels

- Symptoms of exposure

- First-Aid and emergency info.

• PPE

• Safe handling and storage

• Spills and leaks

• Compliance issues

What is the importance of labels?

• The identity of the chemical

• Name, address, and emergency phone number of the manufacturer

• Physical and health hazards

• Special handling instructions

• Basic PPE recommendations

• First aid, fire response, spill cleanup

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Labeling systems

- Red =

- Blue =

- Yellow =

- White =

• Red = Flammability

• Blue = Health

• Yellow = Reactivity

• White = Other hazards or special handling

NFPA labeling: Scale

0 to 4

0- no hazard

4- extreme hazard

Eye protection

safety glasses/goggles

- students are required to wear safety glasses with side shields

- provide protection against flying particles

- required where impact or hazardous materials exist

- if student requires corrective lenses, safety glasses that fit over typical eyeglasses are available

T/F: you only need to wear safety glasses in the lab while working

FALSE

always wear in lab, not just while working. someone next to you could spill something

If there is a reasonable risk of splash,....

skin surfaces should be protected

- scrub suits (shirts and trousers) plus a mid-thigh to knee length white lab coat

A student found without what while compounding will be asked to leave/receive no credit?

without lab coat, scrubs, close toed shoes, working without gloves and safety glasses/goggles

What can't be done in the lab?

- applying cosmetics

- eating or drinking

- tasting chemicals

- pour from large containers into smaller ones- label all secondary containers

- do not smell any chemicals directly- use hand to fan vapor to your nose (waft)

check glassware for..

stars or cracks

handle hot glassware with...

gloves (special ones)

- the oven is in C, not F so 100 is HOT

Wash your hands with...

soap and water before leaving

_______________________ carefully to make sure that you are using the right chemical

read and reread

Hair

- tie back long hair

- hair bonnets should be worn while compounding and handling hazardous chemicals

Hot plates should be ____________ and ______________ when not using them

turned off and unplugged

Prior to working in the lab identify the nearest ___________ and _________

eyewash and shower

- notify facilities/lab safety if the shower or eyewash is not operational or inaccessible

T/F: first aid kits are available

TRUE

High degree of precaution must always be taken with any sharp itemsused in the laboratory, including....

glass slides, graduated cylinders, beakers, broken glass

Clean up all broken glass ___________________ and dispose broken glass in ________________________ for broken glass

- immediately

- special receptacles labeled

- spilled chemicals should also be cleaned immediately

T/F: it is okay to put broken glass in trash cans

FALSE

do not put broken glass in trash cans

Sharps containers are never placed in the...

normal waste stream or used for any purpose other than sharps disposal

In case you poke yourself with sharps...

• Squeeze out blood

• If necessary, seek medical attention immediately (know what was the contaminants of the sharps)

Compounding

the act of reconstituting, mixing, or preparing a medication into a dosage form usable by the patient

Non-sterile (extemporaneous) compounding

includes all compounding of dosage forms not prepared in a sterile environment

extemporaneous- preparation of drug on demand

Dosage forms compounded in non-sterile environment often include:

- oral preparation

- topical

- vaginal

- rectal

- otic preparations (excludes use in perforated eardrums)

- nasal and sinus preparations intended for local application (nasal sprays & irrigation)

There are a number of reasons for a patient to require a compounded medication, including...

- medication is not commercially available

- when a patient cannot tolerate, or is allergic to a component of the commercially available product (dye or coloring used)

Guidelines for non-sterile compounding are published by...

the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapter <795>

The preparation, packaging, and dispensing of most compounded prescriptions involve a number of pharmacy calculations.

These calculations present one of the greatest....

greatest potential sources of error

- ZERO TOLERANCE IS ALLOWED FOR ERRORS

______________________ or ________________ is one of the first steps in preparing any prescription

Weighing or measuring ingredients

T/F: The actual quantity of a formula to be prepared is often the same quantity that is described in a formulation record

FALSE

is often NOT the same quantity described in record. reducing and enlarging is often required

In many cases, the quantity must be _______________ or _____________ to achieve quantity of product

increased or decreased

To ensure that the relative quantities of the ingredients remain consistent, the quantities of all ingredients must be increased or decreased by the....

same factor

If factor is greater than 1....

If factor is less than 1....

create enlargements

create reduction

The amount of PCCA Rapid Dissolve Tablet Powder Base will vary with...

API content

- Displacement of PCCA Rapid Dissolve Tablet Powder Base is made by subtracting 100% of the solid ingredients from the weight of PCCA Rapid Dissolve Tablet Powder Base in this mold

Geometric dilution involves ___________________, typically used when a _________________ needs to be combined with a _______________

- mixing powders

- potent substance

- large amount of diluent

Geometric dilution should be followed when mixing an ingredient of a ____________ with a second ingredient of a _____________

- larger quantity

- smaller quantity

- L is to be mixed into S in small portions

Geometric dilution

1. potent drug is initially placed on a roughly equal volume of diluent in a mortar, and gently mixed through trituration

2. Second portion of diluent, equal in volume to the powder mixture in the mortar is added, trituration is repeated

3. The procedure continues, with additional diluent added in amounts equal to the mixture's volume in the mortar at each step, until all the diluent is fully incorporated

- used for making tablets

T/F: Under NO circumstances should the entire quantity of the larger amount of substance be added at once to the smaller quantity in the expectation that uniform dispersion will be achieved quicker

TRUE

Alligation

a method for calculating proportions of different substances to mix to create a desired concentration or strength

Alligation is to obtain a new ___________ that is between ________________ the pharmacist has in stock

- strength (percentage)

- two strengths

Specific gravity (SG)

a ratio, expressed decimally, of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a substance chosen as a standard, both substances at the same temperature

What are the units of specific gravity?

it is UNITLESS!

SG expresses how much ____________ or ____________ a substance is than ____________

- heavier or lighter

- water

SG: substances with a SG <1, are....

substances with a SG >1, are......

- lighter than water

- heavier than water

When compounding, how much extra do we usually take of all ingredients due to the potential for loss during preparation/dispensing?

10% excess

What is often done to the clear plastic bottles in the lab prior to starting?

calibrating the bottle to the desired volume by using purified water and a marker to mark the bottom of the meniscus

What is used to triturate powders?

mortar and pestle

If the formulation is complete but has not reached the marked line on the bottle, what is done?

add a portion of water (or other substance depending) sufficient to bring the total volume of the preparation (i.e. "qs") to the pre-calibrated line

For tablets, the API used must be stable at a temperature of....

110 degrees C for 30 minutes

What is often done after a formulation is completed and poured into the calibrated bottle?

the mortar is rinsed and emptied into the bottle to collect the most substance possible

After compounding an oral suspension (ex: acetaminophen 500 mg/5 mL) the BUD according to USP <795> is...

estimated to be 14 days

For creams and ointments, some ingredients must be...

melted/mixed on a beaker on hot plate with other ingredients

(ex: cold cream and camphor/menthol ointment)

For creams and ointments the products have to....

cool

ointments are passed through an ointment mill to....

- reduce particle size of the active ingredients

- eliminate any grittiness of the final preparation

For lip balms, ensure that lip balm tubes are....

twisted all the way down to ensure they will not overflow when pouring in

USP/NF Chapter <795> excerpt under Compounded Preparations which states, "When compounding these dosage forms, the compounder is to prepare an amount of the total formulation sufficient to allow................."

the prescribed amount or quantity to be accurately dispensed

- ex: if you need to dispense 30 torches, we recommend that you calculate for 33 troches

- 10% excess

Troches: the weight of powders will displace _____% of its weight of PCCA Gelatin Base and liquids are displaced at ___________% of the base

- 90% weight of powder

- 100% liquids

Why do we avoid stirring when making troches?

to decrease the amount bubbles formed

At what temperature are troches allowed to congeal in?

What temperature are troches stored in?

- room temperature

- room temperatrue

PLO Transdermal Gel: Poloxamer 407 NF Gel 20% has reverse thermodynamic properties- what does this mean?

liquid at cold temperature and solid at room temperature

PLO Transdermal Gel: You push the Pluronic Gel into the LIPS mixture and transfer the two mixtures back and forth.

Is the active phase added into the inactive phase or vise versa?

inactive into the active

- You should always add the inactive phase INTO the active phase to ensure proper dispersion

PLO Transdermal Gel: protect from __________, store at ______________________

- light

- room temperature

Dilution

the process of adding a solvent to a solution to reduce the concentration of the solute

T/F: When the product is diluted, the quantity of active ingredient remains the same, but the concentration of the product decreases because of the increased volume

TRUE

- concentration decreases

- volume increases

Types of dilution (2)

- liquid dilution (w/v)- solutions

- solid solution (w/w)- cream and ointment

Stock solution

concentrated solution of active (e.g. drug) or inactive (e.g. colorant) substances/ingredient

What is the algebraic method commonly used for?

to calculate dilution or concentration changes

Urea 40% Topical VersaBaseTM Cream: What do we use to get rid of the grittiness? Where do we put the preparation after? What do we protect it from?

- ointment mill

- EMP jar and syringe

- protect from light

Where should oral flavored powder be stored?

in an air-tight container

- protect from light

Displacement values are important when it comes to....

reconstituted powders

If a solution were 10mL more than the solution needed, it would...

dilute the concentration and consequently dilute the dose

Density and displacement values play an important role in...

pharmacy and pharmaceutical calculations

What method is used to triturate powder for capsules?

geometric dilution

- protect from light

Carbomer 0.5% in 50% Alcohol Topical Gel: Do we shake well or gently?

shake gently to avoid trapping air bubbles

- Mix until a gelled consistency is obtained

Carbomer 0.5% in 50% Alcohol Topical Gel

- What should it not be used on?

- What should it be protected from?

- Where should it be stored?

- do not use on mucous membranes

- protect from light

- store in airtight container

Sorbitol Lollipops Formulation: The weight of powders will displace ______% of its weight of PCCA Sorbitol Base and liquids are displace at ______% of the base

- 100%

- 100%

When heating up the mixture for the sorbitol lollipops formulation, wait until the base is ___________ melted before stirring and do NOT allow it to ___________!

- 1/2 melted

- boil

How many preparations did we prepare this year?

16!!!

In which formulation did we use acacia base?

troches