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Gunboat Diplomacy
US had superior naval fleet; which forced trade relationship with Japan.
Black Ships
were American steamships that arrived in Japan in 1854
When did the Meiji Restoration happen?
(1868-1912)
What was the Meiji Restoration?
This assimilation of western models influenced almost all spheres of life in Japan: politics, economics, army, mores, social life, and of course, culture were testing fields for what the government called bunmei kaika (civilization and enlightenment). All things western were viewed as better, more advanced and preferable to things Japanese.
Impact of Meiji Restoration
Resulted in Japan’s need to modernize and militarize to colonize.
When was the first Sino-Japanese war?
(1894-1895)
What were the results of the Sino Japanese War?
Japan had a victory over China. Japan was now a world power and empire. Korea was independent but now controlled by Russia. There was a growth of nationalism, militarism and entrance into the international system.
What did Japan get in the 1919 Versailles Treaty?
Secured German Pacific Islands and Shandong Peninsula.
What was the new foreign for Japan in the 1920s
Internationalism
Problems for Japan
They had fragile democracy, growing influence of the military, and growing economic crisis
Reason for Japan’s Expansion in the 1930’s
Political Instability in China
Japanese Political Crisis
Japanese Economic Crisis
Political Instability in China
Warlords ruled and Nationalist party v. Communist Party
Japanese Political Crises
Kwantung Army (Japanese in Manchuria) assassinated Manchurian Warlord. Army was not punished and this undermined the Japanese government. (1928)
Japanese Economic Crises
Global Depression and by 1932 1/5 of 1923 prices
When was the Mukden Incident?
September 18, 1931
What was the Mukden Incident
Explosion near Japanese-leased South Manchurian Railway.
Who was blamed for the Mukden Incident
Chinese Army
Why did the Japanese care about the Mukden Incident?
Gave them pretext invade Manchuria
What year did the League of Nations intervene
1932
What did the Lytton Report say?
The invasion by Kwantung Army went against the TOV and League of Nations, the Washington Agreements, and the Kellogg brand pact
What was the effect of the Mukden Incident on China
Manchuria became a puppet state (controlled by Japan)
What was the impact of the Mukden Incident on Japan’s International relations
Lytton Report condemned Japan
Japan left the league of Nations
Japan abandoned cooperation
What were the two dueling military factions in Japan
Koda-ha (Imperial Way) and Tosei-ha (Control)
What is the main difference between the Koda-ha and Tosei-ha
Tosei-ha said that China was the main threat and Koda-ha thought the Soviet Union was the main threat
When did Tojo become chief of staff to the Kwantung Army
1937
Was Tojo Tosei-ha or Koda-ha
Tosei-ha
When did the 2nd Sino-Japanese War
July 1937
How did the 2nd Sino-Japanese War start?
Fighting broke out between Japan and China at the Marco Polo Bridge (Near Beijing) and by the end of 1937 Japan had taken Beijing
When was the Rape of Nanjing
Dec 1937 - Jan 1938
What was the Rape of Nanjing
Chinese soldiers & citizens subject to appalling atrocities
China’s Response - After 1937
Nationalists and Communists united to fight the Japanese but the nationalist’s did not do enough to fight back.
What was the two problems with Japanese’s war on China
Despite defeats, ineffective weapons, Chinese refused to surrender and Japan didn’t know how to end the war with China in their favor.
What marked that
Note 
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