IB History HL: Move To Global War

Gunboat Diplomacy

US had superior naval fleet; which forced trade relationship with Japan.

Black Ships

were American steamships that arrived in Japan in 1854

When did the Meiji Restoration happen?

(1868-1912)

What was the Meiji Restoration?

This assimilation of western models influenced almost all spheres of life in Japan: politics, economics, army, mores, social life, and of course, culture were testing fields for what the government called bunmei kaika (civilization and enlightenment). All things western were viewed as better, more advanced and preferable to things Japanese.

Impact of Meiji Restoration

Resulted in Japan’s need to modernize and militarize to colonize.

When was the first Sino-Japanese war?

(1894-1895)

What were the results of the Sino Japanese War?

Japan had a victory over China. Japan was now a world power and empire. Korea was independent but now controlled by Russia. There was a growth of nationalism, militarism and entrance into the international system.

What did Japan get in the 1919 Versailles Treaty?

Secured German Pacific Islands and Shandong Peninsula.

What was the new foreign for Japan in the 1920s

Internationalism

Problems for Japan

They had fragile democracy, growing influence of the military, and growing economic crisis

Reason for Japan’s Expansion in the 1930’s

1. Political Instability in China

2. Japanese Political Crisis

3. Japanese Economic Crisis

Political Instability in China

Warlords ruled and Nationalist party v. Communist Party

Japanese Political Crises

Kwantung Army (Japanese in Manchuria) assassinated Manchurian Warlord. Army was not punished and this undermined the Japanese government. (1928)

Japanese Economic Crises

Global Depression and by 1932 1/5 of 1923 prices

When was the Mukden Incident?

September 18, 1931

What was the Mukden Incident

Explosion near Japanese-leased South Manchurian Railway.

Who was blamed for the Mukden Incident

Chinese Army

Why did the Japanese care about the Mukden Incident?

Gave them pretext invade Manchuria

What year did the League of Nations intervene

1932

What did the Lytton Report say?

The invasion by Kwantung Army went against the TOV and League of Nations, the Washington Agreements, and the Kellogg brand pact

What was the effect of the Mukden Incident on China

Manchuria became a puppet state (controlled by Japan)

What was the impact of the Mukden Incident on Japan’s International relations

1. Lytton Report condemned Japan

2. Japan left the league of Nations

3. Japan abandoned cooperation

What were the two dueling military factions in Japan

Koda-ha (Imperial Way) and Tosei-ha (Control)

What is the main difference between the Koda-ha and Tosei-ha

Tosei-ha said that China was the main threat and Koda-ha thought the Soviet Union was the main threat

When did Tojo become chief of staff to the Kwantung Army

1937

Was Tojo Tosei-ha or Koda-ha

Tosei-ha

When did the 2nd Sino-Japanese War

July 1937

How did the 2nd Sino-Japanese War start?

Fighting broke out between Japan and China at the Marco Polo Bridge (Near Beijing) and by the end of 1937 Japan had taken Beijing

When was the Rape of Nanjing

Dec 1937 - Jan 1938

What was the Rape of Nanjing

Chinese soldiers & citizens subject to appalling atrocities

China’s Response - After 1937

Nationalists and Communists united to fight the Japanese but the nationalist’s did not do enough to fight back.

What was the two problems with Japanese’s war on China

Despite defeats, ineffective weapons, Chinese refused to surrender and Japan didn’t know how to end the war with China in their favor.

What marked that