CH 4 - US History Holland

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Stamp Act

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Stamp Act

required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, playing cards & dice

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Sons of Liberty

secret resistance group in response to the Stamp Act

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Samuel Adams

one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty

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Stamp Act Congress

delegates from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765, issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances, colonies first began acting as one

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Townshend Act

indirect tax on imported goods

  • caused mass boycotting of British goods, including tea, and public demonstrations called spinning bees.

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Boston Massacre

clash between colonists & soldiers over jobs at the Customs House in March of 1770 -Crispus Attucks and 4 others killed

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Committees of Correspondence

system to communicate w/ colonies about threats to American liberties

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Tea Act

in response to colonial boycotts, British sold tea directly to colonialists cutting out colonial merchants

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Boston Tea Party

Dec. 16, 1773- colonists dressed like Indians and dumped 18,000 lbs of tea in the Boston Harbor

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Intolerable Acts

King George urged passing of these Acts: shut down Boston Harbor bc of refusal to pay damages, Quartering Act, Boston was placed under martial law

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martial law

rule imposed by military force

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1st Continental Congress

established due to the Intolerable Acts, they wanted to organize colonial resistance. resulted in minutemen stockpiling weapons

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2nd Continental Congress

John Adams called for revolt

  • resulted in minutemen recognized as the Continental Army w/ George Washington appointed commander

  • authorized printing of paper Continentals

  • appointed committees to deal w/ foreign nations

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Battle of Bunker Hill

fought on Breed's Hill, deadliest battle of the war, colonists held the high ground, but lost it due to lack of ammunition

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Olive Branch Petition

sent by the 2nd Continental Congress and urged a return to "former harmony" but King George III

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Common Sense

published anonymously by Thomas Paine, argued that independence was Americas destiny, endorsed by Washington

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Thomas Jefferson

Virginia lawyer chosen to write committee’s points in the declaration of independence

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Declaration of Independence based on...

John Locke's ideas (people are entitle to "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property)

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Declaration of Independence

adopted in Independence Hall on July 4, 1776

  • Jefferson declared that governments derive power from the people

  • “all men are created equal” did not originally include all + 1st draft attacked slavery but was edited out

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John Hancock

1st signature on the Declaration of independence

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Patriots

supporters of independence Ex: Quakers (did not fight), colonists who saw economic opportunity, some slaves

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Loyalists

opposed independence, some slaves because they were promised freedom, most Native Americans because they viewed colonists as a bigger threat

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Lexington and Concord

1st shots of the revolution

  • British marched along the Lexington Rd. to Concord in pursuit of stockpiles of weapons

  • Paul Revere rode out to spread the word of the British- (eventually captured)

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Battle of Trenton

American Victory + Morale Boost

  • Washington led troops across Deleware river on Christmas night, 1776, and marched nine miles to surprise a Hessian garrison

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Battle of Princeton

American Victory + Morale Boost

  • Washington led Continental Army against General Cornwallis

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Battle of Philadelphia

British Victory

  • British took control of Philadelphia

  • British, under General Howe, defeat Washington's defenses

  • forced the Continental Congress to flee the city and the army to winter nearby

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Battle of Bennington

Precursor to Battle of Saratoga

  • Ethan Allen + Green Mountain Boys helped American militiamen win

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Battle of Saratoga

  • Britain’s war strategy changed to coastal attacks after defeat

  • French now agree to support the Revolution

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Valley Forge

  • Colonial troops suffered from freezing temp, exposure, & frostbite while British troops were wintered Comfortably in Philadelphia

  • 2000+ died

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inflation

An increase in prices or decline in purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply of money

  • occurred because Congress overprinted Continentals

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profiteering

selling scarce goods for a profit at inflated prices, some govt. officials engaged in

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U.S Strengths (3)

Familiar w/ home ground, Good Leadership, (Washington), Cause (motivation for independence)

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U.S Weaknesses (4)

Soldiers poorly trained, Shortage of food & ammunition, Inferior navy, No central govt.

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G.B Strengths (3)

Well-trained army & navy, Strong central govt., Support of loyalists & NA

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G.B. Weaknesses. (4)

Distance from Britain, Unfamiliar w/ terrain, Weak leadership,sympathy by some

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Friedrick von Steuben

Prussian captain that trained colonial soldiers, wintered at Valley Forge

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Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat, lobbied for French reinforcements, wintered at Valley Forge

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Charles Cornwallis

British General, captured Charles Town, SC in 1780

  • slaves joined British to fight and escape Patriot slave owners

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Battle of Yorktown

Final battle

  • British trapped on the peninsula by American + French troops

  • A French naval force defeated British fleet and then cut them off from escaping forcing British Troops to surrender

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Peace talks in Paris

demanded Britain recognize American independence before negotiations started

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Treaty of Paris

confirmed US independence

  • U.S. stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River & from Canada to Florida border

  • no date est. for British evacuation of forts

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results of the war

  1. Class distinctions had begun to blur, egalitarianism

  • ability, effort, & virtue defined one’s worth for white men

  1. most northern states outlawed slavery

  2. w/ settlers moving west, the future for Native Americans looked bad

  3. Americans faced w/ the challenge of creating a govt.

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