CH 4 - US History Holland

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42 Terms

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Stamp Act
required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, playing cards & dice
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Sons of Liberty
secret resistance group in response to the Stamp Act
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Samuel Adams
one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty
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Stamp Act Congress
delegates from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765, issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances, colonies first began acting as one
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Townshend Act
indirect tax on imported goods
- caused mass boycotting of British goods, including tea, and public demonstrations called spinning bees.
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Boston Massacre
clash between colonists & soldiers over jobs at the Customs House in March of 1770
-Crispus Attucks and 4 others killed
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Committees of Correspondence
system to communicate w/ colonies about threats to American liberties
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Tea Act
in response to colonial boycotts, British sold tea directly to colonialists cutting out colonial merchants
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Boston Tea Party
Dec. 16, 1773- colonists dressed like Indians and dumped 18,000 lbs of tea in the Boston Harbor
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Intolerable Acts
King George urged passing of these Acts: shut down Boston Harbor bc of refusal to pay damages, Quartering Act, Boston was placed under martial law
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martial law
rule imposed by military force
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1st Continental Congress
established due to the Intolerable Acts, they wanted to organize colonial resistance. resulted in minutemen stockpiling weapons
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2nd Continental Congress
John Adams called for revolt
- resulted in minutemen recognized as the Continental Army w/ George Washington appointed commander
- authorized printing of paper Continentals
- appointed committees to deal w/ foreign nations
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Battle of Bunker Hill
fought on Breed's Hill, deadliest battle of the war, colonists held the high ground, but lost it due to lack of ammunition
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Olive Branch Petition
sent by the 2nd Continental Congress and urged a return to "former harmony" but King George III
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Common Sense
published anonymously by Thomas Paine, argued that independence was Americas destiny, endorsed by Washington
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Thomas Jefferson
Virginia lawyer chosen to write committee’s points in the declaration of independence
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Declaration of Independence based on...
John Locke's ideas (people are entitle to "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property)
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Declaration of Independence
adopted in Independence Hall on July 4, 1776
- Jefferson declared that governments derive power from the people
- “all men are created equal” did not originally include all + 1st draft attacked slavery but was edited out
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John Hancock
1st signature on the Declaration of independence
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Patriots
supporters of independence
Ex: Quakers (did not fight), colonists who saw economic opportunity, some slaves
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Loyalists
opposed independence, some slaves because they were promised freedom, most Native Americans because they viewed colonists as a bigger threat
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Lexington and Concord
1st shots of the revolution
- British marched along the Lexington Rd. to Concord in pursuit of stockpiles of weapons
- Paul Revere rode out to spread the word of the British- (eventually captured)
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Battle of Trenton
American Victory + Morale Boost
- Washington led troops across Deleware river on Christmas night, 1776, and marched nine miles to surprise a Hessian garrison
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Battle of Princeton
American Victory + Morale Boost
- Washington led Continental Army against General Cornwallis
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Battle of Philadelphia
British Victory
- British took control of Philadelphia
- British, under General Howe, defeat Washington's defenses
- forced the Continental Congress to flee the city and the army to winter nearby
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Battle of Bennington
Precursor to Battle of Saratoga
- Ethan Allen + Green Mountain Boys helped American militiamen win
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Battle of Saratoga
- Britain’s war strategy changed to coastal attacks after defeat
- French now agree to support the Revolution
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Valley Forge
- Colonial troops suffered from freezing temp, exposure, & frostbite while British troops were wintered Comfortably in Philadelphia
- 2000+ died
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inflation
An increase in prices or decline in purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply of money
- occurred because Congress overprinted Continentals
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profiteering
selling scarce goods for a profit at inflated prices, some govt. officials engaged in
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U.S Strengths (3)
Familiar w/ home ground, Good Leadership, (Washington), Cause (motivation for independence)
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U.S Weaknesses (4)
Soldiers poorly trained, Shortage of food & ammunition, Inferior navy, No central govt.
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G.B Strengths (3)
Well-trained army & navy, Strong central govt., Support of loyalists & NA
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G.B. Weaknesses. (4)
Distance from Britain, Unfamiliar w/ terrain, Weak leadership,sympathy by some
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Friedrick von Steuben
Prussian captain that trained colonial soldiers, wintered at Valley Forge
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Marquis de Lafayette
French aristocrat, lobbied for French reinforcements, wintered at Valley Forge
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Charles Cornwallis
British General, captured Charles Town, SC in 1780
- slaves joined British to fight and escape Patriot slave owners
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Battle of Yorktown
Final battle
- British trapped on the peninsula by American + French troops
- A French naval force defeated British fleet and then cut them off from escaping forcing British Troops to surrender
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Peace talks in Paris
demanded Britain recognize American independence before negotiations started
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Treaty of Paris
confirmed US independence
- U.S. stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River
& from Canada to Florida border
- no date est. for British evacuation of forts
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results of the war
1. Class distinctions had begun to blur, egalitarianism
- ability, effort, & virtue defined one’s worth for white men
2. most northern states outlawed slavery
3. w/ settlers moving west, the future for Native Americans looked bad
4. Americans faced w/ the challenge of creating a govt.