History Junior Final ID'S

Virginia Colony

Virginia Colony

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 at Jamestown.

French and Indian War

A conflict from 1754 to 1763 between Britain and France, with Native American allies, over territory in North America.

Stamp Act

A 1765 British law taxing printed materials in the colonies, sparking widespread protest.

Townshend Acts

A series of 1767 British laws imposing duties on colonial imports, leading to boycotts and tension.

Boycott

A form of protest involving the refusal to purchase goods or services.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which American colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

Declaration of Independence

A 1776 document declaring the American colonies' independence from Britain.

Yorktown

The site of the 1781 battle where British General Cornwallis surrendered to American and French forces, effectively ending the Revolutionary War.

Constitution

The 1787 document that outlines the structure and powers of the U.S. government.

Articles of Confederation

The first U.S. government framework, in effect from 1781 to 1789, which had limited federal power.

Branches of Government

The three divisions of the U.S. government—executive, legislative, and judicial.

Hamilton’s Economic Program

Alexander Hamilton's plan to stabilize the U.S. economy, including a national bank, tariffs, and federal assumption of state debts.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 protest against the federal excise tax on whiskey, quelled by President Washington.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws targeting immigrants and limiting speech critical of the government.

Compact Theory

The idea that states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

American System

Henry Clay's plan for economic development, including a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

Adams-Onis Treaty

The 1819 agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

Compromise of 1850

A set of laws aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War.

Lincoln Election

The 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, which led to Southern secession and the Civil War.

Union Advantage

The North's strengths during the Civil War, including industrial capacity, a larger population, and better infrastructure.

Antietam

The 1862 Civil War battle that was the bloodiest single day in American history.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing slaves in Confederate-held territory.

Gettysburg

The 1863 battle marking the turning point of the Civil War in favor of the Union.

NY Draft Riots

Violent disturbances in New York City in 1863 in response to the Union draft.

The Black Codes

Post-Civil War laws in the South aimed at restricting African Americans' freedom and ensuring their availability as labor.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A federal agency created in 1865 to aid freed slaves during Reconstruction.

13-15th Amendments

Constitutional amendments abolishing slavery, granting citizenship, and ensuring voting rights for African Americans.

Tenure of Office Act

The 1867 law intended to restrict the president's power to remove certain officeholders without Senate approval.

Compromise of 1877 (8 to 7):

The agreement ending Reconstruction in exchange for Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president.

Jim Crow

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld "separate but equal" segregation laws.

Railroad Subsidies

Government grants of land and money to support the construction of railroads.

Homestead Act

The 1862 law granting 160 acres of public land to settlers after five years of residence.

Dawes Act

The 1887 law aiming to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots.

Laissez-Faire

The economic policy of minimal government intervention in business affairs.

Inflation

A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Deflation

A decrease in the general price level of goods and services.

Populists

A political movement in the late 19th century advocating for the interests of farmers and laborers.

Interstate Commerce Act

The 1887 law regulating the railroad industry and its monopolistic practices.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

A national federation of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers.

Progressives

Reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who aimed to address social issues caused by industrialization.

Nativism

The policy of favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.

Jacob Riis

A journalist and photographer who documented the living conditions of the urban poor.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices during the Progressive Era.

16th Amendment

The 1913 amendment allowing Congress to levy an income tax.

Teller Amendment

The 1898 declaration stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Philippines

An island that was aquired by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War, leading to the Philippine-American War.

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America.

Causes of WWI

Factors leading to World War I, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances.

Wilson’s 14 Points

President Wilson's 1918 proposal for a post-WWI peace plan, including the League of Nations.

Normalcy

President Harding's term describing the return to a pre-WWI way of life.

FDR’s Inaugural Address

Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1933 speech addressing the Great Depression and outlining his New Deal plans.

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

A New Deal agency created in 1933 to generate electric power and control floods in the Tennessee Valley.

Court Packing Scheme

FDR's 1937 proposal to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Colonial Figures

Important individuals from the colonial period, such as John Smith and Pocahontas.

Figures 1800-1850

Key individuals from the early 19th century, like Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An influential African American civil rights activist and co-founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).

Booker T. Washington

An African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-reliance.

Generals

Military leaders such as Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee who played significant roles during the Civil War.

Puritans

A religious group that settled in New England in the early 1600s, seeking to purify the Church of England.

Sharecropping

A system where farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a share of the crops.

Federal System

A form of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.

3/5 Compromise

The agreement during the Constitutional Convention that each slave would count as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

Habeas Corpus

The legal principle requiring that a person be brought before a court to determine if their detention is lawful.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.

Railroad Subsidies

Government grants of land and money to support the construction of railroads.

Homestead Act

The 1862 law granting 160 acres of public land to settlers after five years of residence.

Little Bighorn

The 1876 battle where Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeated General Custer's forces.

Dawes Act

The 1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots, with the intent to promote farming and integrate Native Americans into American society.

John Rolfe

An early English settler in North America, he is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in Virginia and is known for marrying Pocahontas.

William Marcy

Also known as "Boss Tweed," he was a corrupt American politician who controlled Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine in New York City, during the 19th century.

Ida Tarbell

An American investigative journalist and leading muckraker of the Progressive Era, she is best known for her exposé on the Standard Oil Company, which contributed to its breakup.

Roger Williams

A Puritan minister who founded the colony of Rhode Island as a haven for religious tolerance and separation of church and state after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Thomas Nast

A German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist, he is considered the "Father of the American Cartoon" and is famous for his depictions of Boss Tweed and creation of the modern image of Santa Claus.

Upton Sinclair

An American writer and muckraker whose novel "The Jungle" exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to public outrage and the passage of food safety laws.

Alexander Hamilton

One of the Founding Fathers of the United States, he was the first Secretary of the Treasury and a primary author of the Federalist Papers, which advocated for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

George Armstrong Custer

A U.S. Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars, best known for his defeat and death at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Jane Addams

A social reformer and activist who co-founded Hull House in Chicago, one of the first settlement houses in the U.S., and was a leader in women's suffrage and world peace movements.

James Madison

The fourth President of the United States, he is known as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the American steel industry and later donated much of his wealth to educational and cultural institutions.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A U.S. naval officer and historian whose works, including "The Influence of Sea Power upon History," emphasized the strategic importance of naval power and influenced naval strategies worldwide.

Aaron Burr

The third Vice President of the United States, he is best known for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel and being tried for treason in an alleged plot to create an independent country in the center of North America.

J.P. Morgan

An influential American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time, playing a key role in the formation of General Electric and U.S. Steel.

Joseph Pulitzer

A Hungarian-American newspaper publisher who established the ________ Prizes and was instrumental in the development of yellow journalism in the late 19th century.

Lewis & Clark

Were American explorers who led the Corps of Discovery Expedition (1804-1806) to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest.

William Jennings Bryan

A dominant force in the Democratic Party, he ran for President three times, was a strong advocate for free silver, and is famous for his "Cross of Gold" speech.

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th President of the United States, known for his progressive policies, trust-busting, the Panama Canal, and his role in negotiating the end of the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who sought to establish a confederation of Native American tribes to resist the encroachment of settlers on their lands and fought with the British in the War of 1812.

Susan B. Anthony

A prominent leader in the women's suffrage movement, she played a crucial role in the campaign for women's right to vote, culminating in the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States, he is the only person to have held both offices.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States, known for his populist approach, implementation of the Indian Removal Act, and victory in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.

Booker T. Washington

An African-American educator, author, and advisor to multiple presidents, he was a dominant leader in the African-American community and founded the Tuskegee Institute.

Al Smith

The first Catholic to run for President of the United States as a major party candidate, he was the Governor of New York and a leading figure in the Progressive Era's reform movement.

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a prominent abolitionist, orator, and writer, advocating for the rights of African Americans and women.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An influential African-American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and was a leading figure in the fight against racial discrimination.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States, known for his leadership during World War I, his efforts in establishing the League of Nations, and his progressive domestic policies.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

An American author best known for her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which depicted the harsh realities of slavery and fueled the abolitionist movement.

Jacob Riis

A Danish-American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist, and photographer whose work "How the Other Half Lives" exposed the living conditions of the poor in New York City slums.

John J. Pershing

A senior U.S. Army officer who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I and was instrumental in training and organizing American troops for combat in Europe, earning the highest rank of General of the Armies.