KIN 307 Chapter 1

kinesiology

the study of human motion or human movement

anatomic kinesiology

the study of the human musculoskeletal system and the musculotendinous system

structural kinesiology

the study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

anatomic neutral position

the reference position (consists of: standing upright, arms at sides, head facing forward, feet facing forward, palms facing forward)

anatomical fundamental (or functional) position

same as anatomic neutral position with one notable exception: the palms are facing towards the body instead of forward

mid-axillary line

a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)

anterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skin fold

posterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid-axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skin fold

mid-clavicular line

a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle

mid-inguinal point

a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis

anterior (ventral)

front

posterior (dorsal)

back

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the trunk

distal

further from the trunk

prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up

anteroinferior

in front and below

anterosuperior

in front and above

anterolateral

in front and toward the outside

anteromedial

in front and toward the inner side (or midline)

anteroposterior

relating to both the front and back

posteroinferior

behind or in back and below

posterolateral

behind and toward the outside

posteromedial

behind and toward the inner side (or midline)

inferolateral

below and toward the outside

inferomedial

below and toward the inner side (or midline)

superolateral

above and toward the outside

superomedial

above and toward the inner side (or midline)

dexter

relating to, or on the right side of something

sinister

relating to, or on the left side of something

plane of motion

an imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved

axis

motion occurs in or through a plane, revolving around its \________

90 degrees

there is a \_________ relationship between a plane of motion and its axis, which is perpendicular to the plane of motion

saggital plane

vertical plane that divides the body into medial and lateral parts (left and right)

frontal (or coronal) plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into inferior and superior parts

perpendicular

the axis (axes) will be \_________ to the planes

mid-saggital (median plane)

cardinal plane that passes through the body dividing it into equal left and right halves

center of mass

the point at which all three cardinal planes (saggital, frontal, and transverse) intersect; point about which all mass acts

flexion

reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

extension

increases the angle between two bones at a joint

flexion and extension

what two bodily movements typically happen in a saggital plane?

abduction

moving a segment away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving a segment towards the midline of the body

abduction and adduction

what two bodily movements typically happen in a frontal plane?

pronation

when the palm is moved to face posteriorly

supination

when the palm is moved to face anteriorly

pronation and supination

what two bodily movements typically happen in a transverse plane?

medial rotation (internal rotation)

rotation towards the midline

lateral rotation (external rotation)

rotation away from the midline

circumduction

a cone of movement that does not include any rotation; occurs when flexion-extension movements are combined with abduction-adduction movements

dorsiflexion

bringing the top of the foot towards the lower leg or shin

plantarflexion

pushing the top of the foot away from the lower leg or shin

inversion

when the sole of the foot is turned inward

eversion

when the sole of the foot is turned outward

protection (of heart, lungs, brain, ect.), support (to maintain posture), movement (by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers), mineral storage (such as calcium and phosphate), and Hematopoiesis

what are five functions of the skeletal system?

appendicular and axial

what are the two divisions of the skeletal system

osteology

the study of bones

hematopoiesis

process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

articular cartilage

smooth surface for movement of joints that reduces friction and provides cushioning to avoid shock

trabecular/cancellous

spongy bone that is surrounded by compact bone

cortical bone

compact bone that surrounds spongy bone

red bone marrow

where does erythropoiesis and platelet formation take place?

activity

strength and thickness of bones depend on \________

joints

bones of the skeleton are connected by \_______

periosteum

membrane covering the surface of bone (contains: blood lymph and vessels, nerves, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts)

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

osteoclasts

bone-reabsorbing cells

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

thin cartilage plate that separates the diaphysis and epiphyses

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water

what four things are bones composed of?

60-70%

what percent of bone weight is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate?

25-30%

what percent of bone weight is water?

35%

what percent of bone is composed of organic materials (carbon, cells, collagen, ect.)

65%

what percent of bone is composed of inorganic materials (mineral salts)

collagen

provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension

mineral

if \_______ is removed, bone is too pliable

collagen

if \_______ is removed, bone is too brittle

direction and magnitude; forces

bone size and shape are influenced by the \_______&\_______ of \_________ that are habitually applied to them

Wolff's Law

what theory describes bones ability to reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them?

longitudinal growth

growth which occurs at the epiphyseal plate; area seals at 18-25 years

circumferential growth

growth which results from an increased cross sectional rate and remains metabolically active throughout lifespan (where Wolff's Law factors in)

condyle

a rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone

epicondyle

a small condyle

facet

small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone; generally an articulate surface

foramen

a hole in a bone through which nerves or vessels pass

fossa

a shallow dish-shaped section of a bone that provides a space for an articulation with another bine or serves as a muscle attachment (ex: ball & socket)

process

a bony prominence

tuberosity

a raised section of bone to such a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches; usually created or enlarged by the stress of the muscle's pull on the bone during growth

collagen

provides strength but lacks flexibility

elastin

can stretch and provide flexibility to return to their former shape but lacks strength

tendon

connects muscle to bone

ligament

connects bone to bone

long bones

composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends (ex: phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus)

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

short bones

small, cubical-shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone (ex: carpals & tarsals)

flat bones

usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin (ex: allium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula)