Micro Exam 3

Pathology

the study of a disease

Etiology

the cause of a disease

Pathogenesis

the development of a disease

Infection

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

Disease

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

Normal microbiota

Microbiota that permanently colonizes the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

Transient microbiota

microbiota that is present for days, weeks, or months

How do normal microbiota protect the human body?

• competing for nutrients

• producing substances harmful to invading microbes

• affecting pH and available oxygen

Symbiosis

the relationship between normal microbiota and host

Commensalism

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is not harmed or helped

mutualism

relationship between two microorganisms where both organisms benefit from their interaction

parasitism

a relationship between the two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other

Koch’s Posulates

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal

4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to the original organism

Communicable disease

illness caused by a microorganism that can spread from one person to another

Noncommunicable disease

illness not transmitted between people, often caused by genetic or environmental factors.

Herd immunity

A form of indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large percentage of a population becomes immune, either through vaccination or previous infections, thereby reducing the likelihood of disease spread.

Reservoir of infection

a habitat where pathogens live and multiply, serving as a source for infection.

Healthcare-associated infections

infections acquired in healthcare settings, such as hospitals or clinics, that were not present at the time of admission.

Compromised host

An individual whose normal defenses are weakened or absent, making them more susceptible to infections.

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases affect the health and illness of populations, focusing on the distribution and determinants of health-related states.

Morbidity

the state of being diseased or unhealthy, often measured by the incidence of illness in a population.

Mortality

The incidence of death in a population, often expressed as a rate.

Notifiable infectious diseases

diseases that must be reported to public health authorities when diagnosed, due to their potential to spread and cause outbreaks.

Exotoxins

toxic substances produced by bacteria that can cause damage to host cells and tissues.

Endotoxins

Toxins that are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, released upon cell lysis, causing inflammatory responses.

T/F: You can catch Ebola from sitting near someone on a plane without contact

False

__are most likely the natural reservoir for Ebola virus and Nipah virus.

Bats

What is the biggest risk factor for infection with Ebola?

• Nursing a patient at home

• Working in a category IV lab

• Going grocery shopping

• Attending football matches or large gatherings

Nursing a patient at home

An animal disease transmissible to humans is called

• spillover

• amplifier

• zoonosis

• pandemic

zoonosis

An organism that carries the pathogen while suffering little to no illness is called

• symptomatic carrier

• carrier

• fomite

• all of the above

carrier

what is the treatment for Zika fever

• there is no specific treatment

• use of antiviral

• antibiotics

• blood transfusions

there is no specific treatment

How is Ebola transmitted?

Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals, such as blood, saliva, sweat, or vomit.

What is the definition of a spillover event in the context of infectious diseases?

It describes the process of a pathogen jumping from animals to humans, resulting in a new infection

How can genetically modified mosquitoes help reduce mosquito populations and decrease disease transmission?

By releasing male mosquitoes carry a lethal gene to mate with wild females, leading to nonviable offspring

Why are emerging infectious diseases most likely to be viral?

Viruses can rapidly mutate and adapt to new hosts

The entry, establishment, and multiplication of a pathogen in a host is called:

• disease

• inflammation

• exposure

• infection

infection

Which one of the following is an example if an indirect method if disease transmission?

• sneezing

• shaking hands

• eating contaminated food

• coughing

eating contaminated food

T/F: Direct methods for the transmission of disease include hand contact and contact with animals

true

Endotoxins are released when:

• an infection occurs in the body

• bacterial pathogens leave through a portal of exit

• the host is injured during an infection

• gram-neg bacterial cells disintegrate

gram-neg bacterial cells disintegrate

Which of the following microbes would be considered avirulent?

• Vibrio cholerae

• Neisseria meningitidis

• Lactobacillus lactis

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Lactobacillus lactis

An outbreak is considered to be a more contained:

• pandemic disease

• endemic disease

• local disease

• epidemic disease

epidemic disease

T/F: Phagocytosis is a form of adaptive immunity in the body

False

All of the following statements apply to antigens except:

• antigens are unique chemical groups that are not normally present in the body

• antigens trigger the production of antibodies

• antigens are part of the innate immune response

• antigens contain recognizable epitopes

antigens are part of the innate immune response

Where are B cells and T cells “born”?

• In the blood

• In the thyroid

• In the bone marrow

• in the thymus

in the bone marrow

On average how long does it take the adaptive immune response to become fully active to an infectious pathogen?

• 28-30 days

• 18-24 hours

• 2-3 days

• 10-14 days

10-14 days

What doctor demonstrated that cowpox infection prevented smallpox?

Edward Jenner

What stopped the measles virus from spreading throughout New York?

• Doctor Interventions

• Herd Immunity

• Antibiotics

• Hand sanitizer

Herd Immunity

Autism is most likely caused by

• Genetics

• Vitamins

• Food

• Vaccine

Genetics

The HPV vaccine can prevent

• Measles

• Whopping cough

• Mumps

• Cancer

Cancer

All of the following diseases that were largely eradicated in the US a generation ago are returning EXCEPT:

• Mumps

• Measles

• Pertussis

• Diphtheria

Diphtheria

What percent of parents in the US vaccinate their children?

90%

How many people without immunity of the disease will get the measles if exposed to it?

90%

T/F: Once infected with measles it is likely you will be infected again

False

What is one reason people have fears about vaccines historically?

• Fear of unknown substances being injected

• They believe vaccines are too cheap

• Vaccines are new and untested

• They think vaccines are ineffective

Fear of unknown substances being injected

What was the outcome of the oral polio vaccine in the US in the 1990s?

It led to vaccine-derived polio cases

Which of the following statements about healthcare-associated infections is FALSE?

• They may be caused by drug-resistant bacteria

• The patient was infected before hospitalization

• They occur in compromised patients

• They may be caused by opportunists

The patient was infected before hospitalization

A healthcare-associated infection (nosocomial infection) is

• acquired during the course of hospitalization

• only a result of surgery

• always caused by a pathogenic bacteria

• always caused by a medical professional

acquired during the course of hospitalization

The major significance of Robert Kock’s work is that?

• microorganisms are present in a diseased animal

• microorganisms are the result of disease

• microorganisms cause disease

• diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another

microorganisms are the result of disease

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission

• works only with non-communicable diseases

• involves the reproduction of pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission

• required direct contact

• involves fomites

involves the reproduction of pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

• incidence: number of new cases of a disease

• pandemic: a disease that affects a large number of people in the world in a short time

• epidemic: a disease that is constantly present across the world

• sporadic: a disease that affects a population occasionally

epidemic: a disease that is constantly present across the world

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to

• antibiotic-resistant microorganisms

• None of the answers is correct

• vaccinations

• improved handwashing

vaccinations

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota

• never cause disease

• are found in certain location on the host

• are present for a relatively short time

• are always acquired by direct contact

are present for a relatively short time

Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease?

• tetanus

• Covid-19

• malaria

• AIDS

tetanus

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?

• a healthy person

• a sick animal

• none of the answers are correct

• a hospital

none of the answers are correct

Which of the following is a fomite?

• a hypodermic needle

• droplets from a sneeze

• water

• insects

a hypodermic needle