Exam 1

What is the resting membrane potential?

-70

What is the threshold it must reach to start an action potential?

-55

What happens during depolarization?

Na in

What is the value of the spike?

+30

What happens during repolarization?

K out

What binds to a chemically gated sodium channel that results in an end plate potential on a skeletal muscle?

acetylcholine

What does an action potential cause when is travels down the axon and reaches the terminal axons?

influx of calcium

What does the influx of calcium cause the synaptic vesicles to do?

to bind to the membrane

What binds to troponin, releasing tropomyosin off actin binding sites?

calcium

What are carbs ingested as?

polysaccharides

What are carbs digested as?

monosaccharides

What is the primary enzyme that breaks down carbs?

amylase

Where does the breakdown of carbs begin?

saliva

What are proteins ingested as?

polypeptides

What are proteins digested as?

amnio acids

What is the primary enzyme that breaks down protein?

protease

Where does the break down of protein begin?

stomach

What are fats ingested as?

triglycerides

What are fats digested as?

fatty acids and monoglycerides

What is the primary enzyme that breaks down fats?

lipase

Where does the break down of fats begin?

pancreas

What is a fact about the phosphagen system?

no oxygen needed, fuels activities that last less than 15 seconds, uses stored ATP

What is a fact about glycolysis?

no oxygen needed, occurs in the cytoplasm, makes pyruvate and lactate, fuels the krebs cycle

What is a fact about the krebs cycle?

needs oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, makes carrier molecules

What is a fact about the electron transport chain?

needs oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, makes ATP

What is the pH of someone in acidosis?

low

What is the pH of someone in alkalosis?

high

If someone is in acidosis, do they want to reabsorb or secrete HCO3?

reabsorb

If someone is in acidosis, do they want to reabsorb or secrete H?

secrete

If someone is in alkalosis, do they want to reabsorb or secrete HCO3?

secrete

If someone is in alkalosis, do they want to reabsorb or secrete H?

reabsorb

What are the components of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and sensory organs

Where is the origin of preganglionic fibers for parasympathetic?

cranial and sacral

Where is the origin of preganglionic fibers for sympathetic?

thoracic and lumbar

Where is the location of ganglion for parasympathetic?

near effector organ

Where is the location of ganglion for sympathetic?

near spine

What are the main parts of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon

What are cranial meninges?

membranes that cover and protect the CNS (dura, arachnoid, and pia)

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

speech, thought, and muscle control

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

sensation interpretation

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

recognition center

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

visual center

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

language comprehension

What does someone sound like if they have an issue with Wernicke’s area?

jumble response, takes a moment to respond

Where is Wernicke’s area?

temporal lobe

What is the function Broca’s area?

speech production

What does someone sound like if they have an issue with Broca’s area?

slow, stutter, broken speech

Where is Broca’s area?

frontal lobe

What is the function of the cerebellum?

fine motor movements, posture, and balance/coordination

What are the parts of the brainstem?

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

What is the function of the midbrain?

connect cerebrum to spinal cord, visual and auditory reflexes, and wakefulness

What is the function of the pons?

bridge that connects cerebrum to cerebellum, respiratory center, deep sleep, and multiple cranial nerves

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

connect spinal cord to brainstem, cardiovascular control center, respiratory rhythmicity center

What is the diencephalon?

contains the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

What is the function of the thalamus?

relay information to appropriate parts of brain and connected to limbic system

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

thirst, body temperature, sex drive, and weight control

What is the function of the epithalamus?

pineal gland

What is the Limbic System?

group of structures that establish emotions and facilitate memory

What does the limbic system consists of?

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

What is the Circle of Willis?

flow of blood, provides collateral for the brain

What are the main arteries the circle of willis is derived from?

vertebral and internal carotid

What is the venous drainage from the brain?

transverse to sigmoid to internal jugular vein

What are the ventricles of the brain?

cavities in the brain that produce, transport, and remove CSF

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid functions

protection, buoyancy, and chemical stability

What is the flow of the ventricles?

Lateral ventricles to Interventricular foramina to Thrid ventricle to Cerebral aqueduct to Fourth ventricle

What are cranial nerves 1-4?

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear

What are cranial nerves 5-8?

trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

What are cranial nerves 9-12?

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

What are the functions cranial nerves 1-4?

sensory, sensory, motor, motor

What are the functions cranial nerves 5-8?

both, motor, both, sensory

What are the functions cranial nerves 9-12?

both, both, motor, motor

What are the four parasympathetic nerves?

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

What is the function of olfactory nerve?

smell

What is the function of optic nerve?

vision

What is the function of oculomotor nerve?

pupil constriction and near vision

What does the oculomotor nerve innervate?

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

What is the function of trochlear nerve?

to innervate the superior oblique

What is the function of trigeminal nerve?

sensory: around eyes, forehead, mouth, check, anterior 2/3 of tongue, lower jaw

motor: mastication

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

What are the muscles of mastications for the trigeminal nerve?

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid

What is the function of abducens nerve?

lateral rectus (eye gaze)

What is the function of facial nerve?

sensory: tast from anterior 2/3 of tongue

motor: muscles of facial expressions and lacrimal and salivary gland secretion

What are the five branches of the facial nerve?

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

What is the function of glossopharyngeal nerve?

sensory: taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx

motor: pharynx and parotid salivary gland

What is the function of vagus nerve?

sensory: taste to root of tongue, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, and abdominal organs

motor: pharynx and larynx, visceral smooth muscles and cardiac muscles

What are the roots of the accessory nerve?

cranial and spinal

What is the function of the pathways of the accessory nerve?

motor: pharynx, trapezius, and stemocleidomastoid muscles

What is the function of hypoglossal nerve?

motor: intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

What are the tongue muscles that the hypoglossal nerve innervates?

palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, and hypoglossus

What is the endocrine system?

series of glands that secrete hormones which impact bodily functions

What does the endocrine system help control?

metabolism, growth, and reproduction

What are the glands affected by the endocrine system?

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries

What hormone does the pituitary gland release?

growth hormone

What hormone does the adrenal gland release?

glucocorticoids

What hormone does the thyroid gland release?

thyroid hormone

What hormone does the pancreas release?

insulin

What hormone does the parathyroid release?

parathormone

What hormone does the testes release?

testosterone