Psych Unit 10 Day 2

Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression

Become inactive and feel unmotivated, more often recall negative rather than positive information, expect negative outcomes, 50% of the time comes with other disorders (ex. anxiety, substance abuse), negativity disappears when depression lifts

Depression is widespread

> 350 mil people suffer from depression, #1 reason why people seek mental health services, plagues 12% of people in Canada and 17% of people in US at some point in life, leading cause of disability

Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s

in 2009 poll: 13% of men diagnosed & 22% of women diagnosed w/ depression, 17% of men & 28% of women claimed to experience sadness “a lot during the day yesterday“, gender gap is worldwide, starts in adolescence (women tend to think more about appearance), women more predisposed genetically (child abuse, low self esteem, marital issues), women more prone to mental disorders (depression, anxiety) due to societal expectations and misogyny

Most major depressive episodes self-terminate

therapy helps to speed up recovery but people usually recover on their own, usually comes and goes and then returns, later depression = more permanent recovery,

stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression

1 in 4 people w/ diagnosed depression was from loss or trauma (family/friend death, bad marriage, physical assault, lost job, etc.), minor daily stressors build up, overreaction —> more risk of depression, moving to new culture can cause depression, younger people who are trying to figure out self identity also at risk of depression

Depression comes earlier in more recent generations (late teens) and affects more people

highest rates among young adults (trend reported in Canada, US, England, France, Germany, Italy, Lebanon, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Taiwan), most children hide depression from parents & 90% of parents don’t think their kids have depression, young adults in North America 3x more likely to experience depression than grandparents

linkage analysis

a statistical method used to identify chromosome regions that co-segregate with a disease or genetic trait

hippocampus

memory processing center linked with brain’s emotional circuitry

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter, increases arousal, boosts mood, decreases in depression & increases in mania

social cognitive perspective

psychological perspective that emphasizes the roles of cognitive processes such as beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping human behavior and personality

self defeating beliefs

negative or unhelpful thoughts and assumptions that hinder personal growth, well-being, and success

negative explanatory style

people who generally blame themselves for negative events, believe that sch events will continue indefinitely, and let such events affect many aspects of their life

rumination

overthinking, compulsive fretting about problems and their causes

explanatory style

a person’s characteristic way of explaining the causes and effects of events, particularly negative ones

stable explanatory style

“it’s going to last forever“ aspect in life, in depression, used to describe negative events

global explanatory style

“It’s going to affect everything I do“ aspect in life, in depression, used to describe negative events

internal explanatory style

“It’s all my fault“ aspect in life, in depression, used to describe negative events

state dependent memory

the phenomenon where recall of information is enhanced when the internal state during learning matches the internal state during retrieval

national differences

Britain, Italy, and Spain’s suicide rates are a little more than ½ Canada, Australia & US, Austria & Finland are almost double, different backgrounds have different suicide rates (society & culture)

racial differences

Native Americans are 2x more prone to suicide than any other population in the US

gender difference

woman are more likely to attempt suicide, men are more likely to commit (2x-4x) b/c men use more lethal weapons, 6/10 Americans who kill themselves use a gun

age differences

suicide rates increase in late adulthood, peaking starting middle age & beyond

other groups differences

suicide rates higher among rich, nonreligious, single, widowed, or divorced. Pain and trauma can increase vulnerability to suicide

day of the week difference

negative emotions increase midweek, leading to most suicides to occur on Wednesdays

nonsuicidal self injury (NSSI)

people who hurt themselves in various ways (cutting, burning themselves, etc.) not fatal but less able to tolerate emotional distress, extremely self critical and poor communication, may:

• find relief from intense negative thoughts as a distraction

• attract attention to get help

• relieve guilt through self punishment

• get others to change negative behavior

• peer pressure

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

psychosis

a mental health condition characterized by a loss of touch with reality

hallucinations

seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that are only in their heads

delusions

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders

paranoid

unreasonably or obsessively anxious, suspicious, or mistrustful

selective attention

the cognitive ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others, allowing to prioritize relevant information and filter out distractions

flat affect

diminished or absent expression of emotion, characterized by a lack of typical emotional response in facial expression, voice, tone, and body language

catatonia

abnormailty of movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state, may involve repetitive or purposeless overactivity, resistance to passive movement, and negativism

chronic/process schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, the psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

acute/reactive schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods

prenatal events that increase risk of schizophrenia

country experiences a flu epidemic, densely populated areas (easier spread of disease), born in the fall and spring, mothers catching the flu during pregnancy giving their children schizophrenia, being born in the southern hemisphere, blood drawing from pregnant women

environmental factors that increase risk of schizophrenia

mother with long and severe schizophrenia, birth compilations (oxygen deprivation and low birth weight), separation from parents, short attention span & poor muscle coordination, disruptive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, poor peer relationships & solo play, childhood abuse

dissociative disorders

controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (disassociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

disassociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

avoidant personality disorder (APVD)

a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

schizotypal personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of social anziety, difficulty forming close relaitonships, and odd, eccentric thoughts or behaviors

borderline personality disorder

difficulties regulating emotions, unstable self image, unstable relationships, leads to impulsive behaviors and fear of abandonment

narcissistic personality disorder

persistent pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others

antisocial personality disorder

personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members, may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

sociopaths

an outdated/informal term for someone with antisocial personality disorder, not a clinical term, behavior is driven by impulsivity and lack of empathy

psychopaths

individuals with an egocentric and antisocial personality marked by lack of remorse for ones actions

emotional intelligence (EI or EQ)

the ability to perceive, understand, express, and manage emotions, both in oneself and in others

biosocial group

societies formed around a biological condition

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually a female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting

binge eating disorder

significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, digust, or guilt, without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa