Final Exam Review - Genus Homo, Economic, Political Anthropology, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality, Families, Kinship, Marriage

Flashcards covering topics about Genus Homo, Economic, Political Anthropology, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality, Families, Kinship, Marriage

Where is the foramen magnum located on human bipeds?

More underneath the skull in a relatively forward position.

When did the first fossil members of the genus Homo appear?

Around 2.5 million years ago.

Name a key feature of Homo rudolfensis compared to australopithecines.

Larger brains and smaller faces.

What is the brain capacity of Homo rudolfensis and what is it named after?

775 capacity and was named after lake rudolph in kenya

What is the approximate brain size of Homo rudolfensis?

Approximately 775 cc.

What does 'Homo habilis' mean?

"Able man".

What is the timeframe for Homo habilis?

1.9 to 1.44 m.y.a.

What is the approximate brain size of Homo habilis?

600-700cc.

With what tool tradition is Homo habilis associated?

The Oldowan Tool Tradition.

What is the timeframe for Homo ergaster?

1.9 m.y.a – 1.5 m.y.a (700,000 years ago)

What is the approximate brain size of Homo ergaster?

900 cc -1,100 cc

What tool tradition is associated with Homo ergaster?

Acheulean Tool Tradition

What is the timeframe for Homo erectus?

1.9 m.y.a – 110,000 B.P.

What is the approximate brain size of Homo erectus?

900 -1250cc

What is associated with Homo erectus use of fire?

Warmth, cooking, and protection

When did the Oldowan tool industry begin?

About 2.6 million years ago.

homo erectus

What hominin is associated with the development of the Acheulean Tool Tradition?

What are the periods of the Pleistocene epoch?

Lower Pleistocene (2.6 m.y.a – 781,000 B.P.), Middle Pleistocene (781,000 -126,000 B.P.), Upper Pleistocene (126,000 – 11,700 B.P.)

What are some characteristics of Homo antecessor?

Larger brain case, large brow-ridge, occipital bun, canine fossa, low forehead, no strong chin

What are some characteristics of Homo heidelbergensis?

Larger brain case, large brow-ridge, flatter face, short wide body.

When did Homo naledi Live?

about 335,000 – 236,000 B.P.

What is the brain size of Homo naledi?

460-610 cc

When did Neandertals inhabit Europe and Southwest Asia?

Approximately 400,000 to 35,000 years ago.

What is the brain size of Neandertals?

1200-1520cc

What tool industry is associated with Neandertals?

Mousterian tool industry.

Name a key feature of Neandertal's.

Short statured and short-limbed with a powerful body.

What is the key feature of Mousterian Tool Tradition?

production of smaller, lighter and more efficient hunting tools, including burins.

Where were Denisovans discovered?

Southern Siberia.

What hominin is associated with the "the Hobbit" or "Flores Man"?

Homo floresiensis.

When did Homo floresiensis live?

Between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago.

What is the brain size of Homo floresiensis?

370 cm3.

When did Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens (AMH) appear?

300,000 B.P. (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco).

What are the two primary theories regarding modern human origins?

The multiregional hypothesis and the recent African origins hypothesis.

What is the multiregional hypothesis?

The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world.

What is the recent African origins hypothesis?

The hypothesis that all modern people are derived from a single population of archaic H. sapiens from Africa.

Name a key point of the migration out of Africa.

Major AMH migration out of Africa 80,000 B.P.

Name the 2 main modes of subsistence.

Food-Collecting and Food-producing societies

Name a society that is a Current Food Forager.

Baffinland Inuit, Iglulik, Netsilingmiut, Copper Inuit, Kutchin, Nunamiut, Tareumiut, Han, Hare, Tanana, Bering Strai

Name a key characteristic of the diet of a food-foraging community.

Broad spectrum diet.

What usually does the males of a food foraging society do?

Hunting

What usually does the females of a food foraging society do?

Prepare food.

Name a primary type of political organization.

Acephalous Societies / Uncentralized Societies/ Bands/ Tribes, Centralized Societies / Chiefdoms / States

What are Acephalous Societies?

Uncentralized political systems, marriage and kinship are the principal means of social organization

What are the key features in Bands?

arelatively small and loosely-organized, kin- ordered group that inhabits a specific territory that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically and economically independent

In political anthropology, what is political organization?

The way power is distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder.

Name three forms of social organizations

Stratification Egalitarian, Ranked, Stratified, Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, States

What is the meaning of Domestication?

an evolutionary process whereby humans modify the genetic makeup of plants or animals, to the extent that members of the population are unable to survive and/or reproduce without human assistance

What does Pastoralism rely on?

relying on breeding and managing migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels

What are the two main modes of operation for Pastoralism?

Pastoral nomadism, Transhumance

Where did the earliest plant domestication take place?

Gradually in the Fertile Crescent.

What is the Neolithic Revolution?

a prehistoric period beginning about 12,000 years ago in which peoples possessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated crops and/or animals for subsistence.

What is The Oasis Theory?

suggests that there were environmental causes for the emergence of food production: When glaciers retreated north, the area of the Fertile Crescent became drier and forced people to congregate at water holes.

What is Optimal Foraging Theory?

theory based on the assumption that the choices people make reflect rational self-interest in maximizing efficiency when collecting and processing resources

What is the definition of Extensive Horticulture?

when small communities of gardeners work with simple hand tools, using neither irrigation nor the plow

What is a Lineage Order

range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory.

What are the results of Integration through age grades and age sets

Bachelor associations and men’s houses, Warfare, Raids, and Feuds

What is Intensive Agriculture?

Crop cultivation that involves irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden and/or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals

What is Social stratification includes?

social classes, social caste systems. commonly discerned from grave goods dwelling size dwelling location age of death health at the time of death

The 10 criteria for urban society are?

Urban density (city), Surplus production and storage, Taxes to a deity of king, Monumental architecture, A ruling class, Writing systems, Exact and predictive sciences, Sophisticated art styles, Foreign trade, Specialist craftsmen

What is a Chiefdom?

A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

What is a State?

a centralized political system that has the capacity and authority to make laws and use force to maintain social order

Name 2 Theories of State Development.

Primary States, Multiple factors contribute to state formation, Regulation of hydraulic economies, Regional trade Environmental circumscription Population increase Warfare

Name the categories of theories about state development

ecological theories, action theories

What is Hydraulic Theory?

civilization’s emergence as the result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems. Irrigation drives the need for full-time managers whose control then blossomed into the first governing body and elite social class.

What is Action Theory?

acknowledges the relationship of society to the environment in shaping social and cultural behavior. It recognizes that forceful leaders strive to advance their positions through self-serving actions and, as a result, may create change.

Name 3 Modes of Exchange.

Reciprocity, Redistribution, Market exchange

What is Reciprocity?

A transaction between two parties whereby goods and services of roughly equivalent value are exchanged.

What is Redistribution?

a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place where they are sorted and reallocated

What is Consumption?

A showy display of wealth for social prestige: Potlatch is an example of this.

In biology, what is a Race?

a population differing geographically, morphologically, or genetically from other populations of the same species.

Why is the taxonomic category of subspecies is not applicable to humans?

because the division of humans into discrete types does not represent the true nature of human biological variation.

THE CONFLATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL INTO THE CULTURAL CATEGORY OF RACE meaning

While the concept for human race is false at a biological level, the racial construction still exists at a cultural level since human groups act on the biological fallacy.

What is Melanin?

a dark pigment produced in the outer layer of the skin that protects against damaging ultraviolet solar radiation.

What are the issues regarding Race as it related to INTELLIGENCE

There is a bias in IQ testing based on social class/ assertion that IQ is biologically fixed and immutable is clearly false/ Individuals cannot be ranked with respect to their intelligence in terms of racial differences.

How does Race define it's meaning socially?

concept based on arbitrary social and cultural definitions rather than biology or science/ ethnic grouping assumed to have a biological basis/ genetic traits that are inherited independently rather than as a package/ differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area..

How was the social construction of “race” solidified?

in the United States in the eighteenth-century and strengthened during the nineteenth-century as a tool to justify slavery and later the domination and exploitation of entire groups of people

What is Racism?

“Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

What is Racism used for?

a doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical characteristics.

What is the meaning behind Prejudice and Discrimination related to racism?

Prejudice (feeling – judgement)/ Discrimination (action)

What is an Ethnic Group?

“people in a society who claim a distinct identity for themselves based on shared cultural characteristics and a shared ancestry that are believed to give members a unique sense of peoplehood or heritage”

What is Acculturation?

loss of a minority group’s cultural distinctiveness in relation to the dominant culture.

Define Gender in the social setting

the set of culturally and historically invented beliefs and expectations about gender that one learns and performs.

Define Gender Ideology.

a complex set of beliefs about gender and gendered capacities, propensities, preferences, identities and socially expected behaviors and interactions that apply to males, females, and other gender categories

Sexual Norms.

refers to erotic thoughts, desires, and practices and the sociocultural identities associated with them

Sexual Orientation.

sexual attraction to and habitual sex activities with other people

Heteronormativity.

term coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the often-unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation

Cisgender .

someone who identifies with the gender assigned to them at birth

Legitimizing ideologies.

a set of complex belief systems, often developed by those in power, to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality

What is Marriage?

a culturally-sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws

What is Kinship?

a network of relatives into which individuals are born and married and with whom they cooperate based on customarily prescribed rights and obligations.

What is Eskimo System?

emphasizes the nuclear family and merges all other relatives in a given generation into a few large, generally undifferentiated, categories

What is The Hawaiian System?

simplest with all relatives of the same generation and gender referred to by the same term

What is The Iroquois System?

a single term is used for father and his brother and another for a mother and her sister