Chapter 1: Domains, Microbes, and Pioneers of Science

What are the three Domains of life and their characteristics?

The three Domains of life are Bacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular organisms with peptidoglycan cell walls), Archaea (prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that often live in extreme environments and have unique biochemistry), and Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms, which include animals, plants, fungi, and protists).

What are the differences between protozoans and algae?

Protozoans are unicellular, heterotrophic organisms that can move, while algae are primarily autotrophic, photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.

What are the differences between Fungi and Bacteria?

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic, while Bacteria are prokaryotic, have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Examples of fungi include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.

How do molds and yeasts differ in structure and reproduction?

Molds are multicellular fungi that form hyphae and reproduce through spores, while yeasts are unicellular fungi that reproduce mainly by budding.

What are the names of the physical structures in the mold Aspergillus?

The physical structures in Aspergillus include hyphae, conidiophores, and conidia.

How are viruses different from cells?

Viruses are acellular, cannot reproduce independently, and require a host cell to replicate, while cells are the basic units of life that can reproduce and carry out metabolic processes.

What are examples of viruses that are human pathogens?

Examples of human pathogenic viruses include Influenza virus, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2.

What are some genera of bacteria found in the human microbiome?

Genera of bacteria found in the human microbiome include Staphylococcus (skin), Escherichia (intestines), and Streptococcus (respiratory tract).

What are the contributions of Robert Hooke to microbiology?

Robert Hooke is known for his work in microscopy and for coining the term 'cell' after observing cork under a microscope.

What are the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek to microbiology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is credited with the discovery of microorganisms, including bacteria, through his improvements to the microscope.

What are the contributions of Francesco Redi to microbiology?

Francesco Redi is known for his experiments that disproved spontaneous generation, demonstrating that maggots on decaying meat came from eggs laid by flies.

What are the contributions of Lazzaro Spallanzani to microbiology?

Lazzaro Spallanzani conducted experiments that supported the idea that microorganisms come from other microorganisms, not from spontaneous generation.

What are the contributions of Edward Jenner to microbiology?

Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine, which laid the foundation for immunology.

What are the contributions of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?

Louis Pasteur is famous for his work on pasteurization, germ theory of disease, and developing vaccines for rabies and anthrax.

What are the contributions of Robert Koch to microbiology?

Robert Koch established Koch's postulates, which are criteria for linking specific pathogens to specific diseases.

What are the contributions of Joseph Lister to microbiology?

Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgical techniques, significantly reducing infections in surgical procedures.

What are the contributions of Alexander Fleming to microbiology?

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first true antibiotic, which revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.