Earth Science CET (Space)

The earth’s natural satellite

Moon

Diameter of the moon:

About 3,474 km (2,159 miles)

Distance of the moon from Earth:

Approximately 384,400 km (238,855

miles).

The Moon’s gravity causes ___ on Earth.

Tides

Its surface is covered with craters, mountains, and maria

(large, dark basaltic plains).

Moon

The Moon rotates on its axis once in about ____, the same

amount of time it takes to orbit the Earth. This results in the

same side of the Moon always facing Earth.

27.3 days

They are determined by its position relative to

the Earth and the Sun. As the Moon orbits Earth, different portions

of its surface are illuminated by the Sun, resulting in the changing

phases.

The phases of the Moon

New Moon

Waxing Crescent

First Quarter

Waxing Gibbous

Full Moon

Waning Gibbous

Last Quarter

Waning Crescent

They are astronomical events that occur when one celestial

body moves into the shadow of another celestial body. There

are two primary types of eclipses that involve Earth and its

closest celestial neighbors: solar eclipses and lunar eclipses.

Eclipses

This occurs when the Moon passes

between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or part of the Sun's

light.

Solar Eclipse

Types of Solar Eclipse

1. Total Solar Eclipse

2. Partial Solar Eclipse

3. Annular Solar Eclipse

Occurs when the Moon completely covers the Sun, as

viewed from Earth. This can only happen when the Moon is

close enough to Earth in its elliptical orbit to appear larger

than the Sun in the sky.

The sky darkens as if it were night, stars and planets

become visible, and the Sun’s corona (outer atmosphere)

becomes visible as a halo around the Moon.

The area on Earth's surface where the total eclipse is

visible. This path is typically about 100 miles wide.

Total Solar Eclipse

Occurs when only a part of the Sun is obscured by the

Moon. This happens when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are not

perfectly aligned.

The Sun looks like it has a “bite” taken out of it. The amount

of the Sun that is covered can vary greatly.

Partial Solar Eclipse

Occurs when the Moon is too far from Earth to completely

cover the Sun. The result is a ring of the Sun's surface,

known as the "ring of fire," remaining visible around the

Moon.

A bright ring or annulus around the dark disk of the Moon.

Annular Solar Eclipse

Solar eclipses occur during the new moon phase when the Sun,

Moon, and Earth are aligned in a straight line, known as?

Syzygy

The central, darkest part of the shadow where the

Sun is completely obscured. an observer within the umbra

experiences a total occultation

Umbra

The viewer only sees the outer part of the

shadow where the Sun is partially obscured

Penumbra

The area beyond the umbra where the Sun and

Moon appear as concentric disks during an annular eclipse.

Antumbra

Penumbra

Antumbra

Umbra

This occurs when the Earth passes

between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the

Moon.

Lunar Eclipses

Types of Lunar Eclipses:

1. Total Lunar Eclipse

2. Partial Lunar Eclipse

3. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse

Occurs when the entire Moon passes through Earth's

umbra. The Moon takes on a reddish color due to Rayleigh

scattering of sunlight through Earth's atmosphere, often

called a "blood moon."

The Moon gradually darkens and turns red or coppery.

Total Lunar Eclipse

Occurs when only a portion of the Moon passes through

Earth's umbra. Part of the Moon appears darkened.

A segment of the Moon is noticeably darker than the rest.

Partial Lunar Eclipse

Occurs when the Moon passes through Earth's penumbra.

This type of eclipse is subtle and can be difficult to observe

because the shading is faint.

The Moon appears slightly shaded.

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse

Total

Partial

Penumbral

The streak of light produced when a meteoroid enters

the Earth's atmosphere and burns up.

Meteor

A small rocky or metallic body traveling through

space.

Meteoroid

A meteoroid that survives its passage through the

Earth's atmosphere and lands on the Earth's surface.

Meteorite

An icy body that releases gas or dust. Comets typically

have a visible coma (a fuzzy outline) and sometimes a tail when

near the Sun.

Comet

A small rocky body that orbits the Sun, primarily

found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Asteroid

Officially designated 1P/Halley, is one of the

most famous and well-studied comets. The comet is named

after Edmond Halley, an English astronomer who, in 1705,

predicted that the comet observed in 1531, 1607, and 1682

would return in 1758. His prediction was based on calculations

of its orbit, proving it to be a periodic comet.

Halley's Comet,

Halley's Comet has an orbital period of approximately ____

years, meaning it returns to the inner solar system roughly

every _____ years.

75-76

Halley’s Comet has a ______ that takes it from just inside the

orbit of Venus to beyond the orbit of Neptune.

Highly elliptical orbit

It is a region of space between the orbits of

Mars and Jupiter that contains a vast number of small rocky

bodies, known as asteroids.

Asteroid Belt

The largest asteroid in the belt is _____, which is also

classified as a dwarf planet. _____ is the second-largest

asteroid.

Ceres

Vesta

His massive gravity exerts a strong gravitational

influence on the asteroids in the asteroid belt. This

influence can alter the orbits of these objects, preventing

some from colliding with Earth. This gravity disrupts the

formation of a planet in the belt.

Jupiter

Types of Asteroid:

1. C-type (Carbonaceous)

2. S-type (Silicaceous)

3. M-type (Metallic)

The most common type,

containing a lot of carbon and silicate minerals.

C-type (Carbonaceous)

Composed mainly of silicate minerals

and metal.

S-type (Silicaceous)

Primarily made of metallic iron and

nickel.

M-type (Metallic)