Mr. Novak AP Human Geography Final Summative Review

A set of flashcards designed to help students prepare for the AP Human Geography exam, covering key concepts and terms.

Where did the Industrial Revolution start?

The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain.

Which countries did the Industrial Revolution diffuse to?

It diffused to Belgium, Germany, central Europe, the U.S., Japan, and finally Russia and Ukraine.

List three consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

Increased food supplies, urbanization, creation of the middle class.

What are the Five Economic Sectors?

1. Primary: Natural resource extraction; 2. Secondary: Manufacturing; 3. Tertiary: Service jobs; 4. Quaternary: Intellectual services; 5. Quinary: High-level decision making.

What does the Least Cost Theory by Alfred Weber explain?

It explains how transportation and labor costs determine the location of factories.

What are Rostow's Stages of Economic Development?

1. Traditional society; 2. Transitional stage; 3. Take-off; 4. Drive to maturity; 5. High mass consumption.

What is Wallerstein's World Systems Theory?

It organizes countries into a core-semi-periphery-periphery model to explain global economic development.

What is Dependency Theory?

It states that peripheral regions are impoverished due to economic dependence on core countries.

What does Commodity Dependence refer to?

When commodities account for more than 60% of a country's total export value.

What are some economic indicators?

GDP, GNP, GNI, and Purchasing Power Parity.

Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country.

Define Gross National Product (GNP).

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents.

Define Gross National Income (GNI).

The total income of a country’s residents and businesses, including investment income.

What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?

It measures how much a common basket of goods costs in each country's currency.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A statistical measure of human achievement combining life expectancy, education, and income.

What is the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

A measure of gender inequality based on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation.

What is a Micro-credit or Micro-Loan?

Very small loans intended for those with little income to help start or expand small businesses.

What are the key features of Free Trade?

International trade that reduces or eliminates trade barriers and promotes comparative advantage.

What is Protectionism?

Trade rules that restrict imports to protect domestic industries.

What does WTO stand for?

World Trade Organization.

What is the function of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

To provide loans and promote global financial stability and cooperation.

What does OPEC stand for?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

What is Fordism?

The economic system based on mass production of standardized goods.

Define De-industrialization.

The decline of employment in manufacturing sector in core industrial centers.

List examples of Tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary sectors.

Teachers, doctors, researchers, CEOs.

Define Agglomeration Economy.

Economic advantages gained when firms cluster in a specific area.

Give an example of Agglomeration Economy.

Silicon Valley is an example where tech firms cluster together.

List five United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

1. No poverty; 2. Zero hunger; 3. Quality education; 4. Gender equality; 5. Clean water and sanitation.

Name some World Urban Hearths.

Mesoamerica, Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley.

Define Edge Cities.

A concentration of business and entertainment developed outside a city’s traditional CBD.

What are Exburbs?

Semi-rural districts located beyond suburbs, often inhabited by affluent families.

What are Boomburbs?

Rapidly growing communities with over 100,000 residents not classified as core cities.

What makes a World City?

A city that serves as a control center for the global economy.

Name two examples of World Cities.

New York, London.

Define Primate City.

A city that is disproportionately larger than surrounding cities and dominates economic life.

Name two Primate Cities.

London, Buenos Aires.

What is the Rank Size Rule?

The population of settlements is inversely proportional to their rank.

Explain Christaller’s Central Place Theory.

Relates city location to the concepts of range and threshold.

What is the Gravity Model in geography?

The idea that closer places are more likely to influence each other.

Define Fiscal Squeeze.

When a city's revenue cannot meet growing service demands.

What is Infrastructure?

The basic support systems required for an economy, including roads and services.

List four Smart Growth Policies.

1. Mixed land use; 2. Compact design; 3. Infill development; 4. Walkable neighborhoods.

List six New Urbanism initiatives.

1. Walkability; 2. Connectivity; 3. Sustainability; 4. Mixed use; 5. Diverse housing options; 6. Increased density.

What are Greenbelts?

Protected zones of land separating urban areas.

What is Slow-Growth?

Decreasing the rate of horizontal expansion in urban areas.

Define Gentrification.

The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as neighborhoods improve.

What are some Economic/Social Challenges of Urbanization?

Economic: 1. Housing affordability; 2. Unemployment; 3. Infrastructure strain; 4. Increased cost of living.

Social: 1. Urban crime; 2. Environmental injustice; 3. Social inequality; 4. Loss of community identity.

What is Brownfield Remediation?

The process of cleaning up contaminated sites to make them safe for use.

Define Intensive Agriculture.

High labor and capital investment per unit of land.

Give an example of Intensive Agriculture.

Market gardening.

Define Extensive Agriculture.

Low investment and labor per unit of land.

Give an example of Extensive Agriculture.

Nomadic pastoralism.

List three Survey Methods in land surveying.

1. Metes and Bounds; 2. Township and Range; 3. Long-Lot Survey Method.

List some Hearths of Domestication.

Mesoamerica, Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of plants, animals, and culture between the Americas and the Old World.

List four innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution.

The seed drill, steel plow, mechanical reaper, tractor.

List three characteristics of the Green Revolution.

High-yield seeds, synthetic fertilizers, irrigation methods.

What are some positive consequences of the Green Revolution?

Increased food production, reduced hunger.

What are some negative consequences of the Green Revolution?

Environmental costs, increased inequality.

Explain Bid-Rent Theory.

Land demand decreases with distance from the CBD.

Define Commodity Chains.

Links connecting the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities.

What is the Cool Chain?

A refrigeration system used to maintain food freshness during transport.

What does Von Thunen's model describe?

Farmer’s crop choices based on proximity to the city market.

What is Contract Farming?

An arrangement between farmers and agribusiness for a guaranteed price.

What is Agribusiness?

Large corporations supporting agricultural production.

List positive and negative consequences of agricultural practices.

Positive: Increased food supply, opportunities for women; Negative: Soil pollution, deforestation.

Define Nation.

A community of people bound to a homeland with a shared identity.

What is a Nation-State?

A political unit where the nation’s boundaries match the state's boundaries.

Define Stateless Nation.

An ethnic group without its own state or majority in any state.

Name an example of Stateless Nation.

The Kurdish people.

Define Autonomous Region.

A territory with self-governing power to some extent.

Give an example of Autonomous Region.

Choctaw Nation.

Define Semi-Autonomous Region.

A territory with some self-governing authority.

Give an example of Semi-Autonomous Region.

Catalonia.

Define Devolution.

The movement of power from central to regional governments.

Name an example of Devolutionary Forces.

Territorial or Economic devolution.

What is Neo-Colonialism?

Economic strategies that powerful countries use to control less wealthy areas.

Define Shatterbelt.

A region fragmented due to devolutionary and centrifugal forces.

Give an example of a Shatterbelt.

Sub-Saharan Africa.

Define Chokepoint.

A narrow passage that restricts movement or traffic.

Give an example of a Chokepoint.

The Panama Canal.

What is a Consequent Boundary?

A boundary drawn to accommodate cultural differences.

Give an example of a Consequent Boundary.

Boundary between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

What is a Subsequent Boundary?

A boundary developed with the cultural landscape.

Give an example of a Subsequent Boundary.

Boundary between the Eastern U.S. and Canada.

Define Geometric Boundary.

A boundary drawn without regard for cultural or physical features.

Give an example of Geometric Boundary.

The U.S.-Canada border.

Define Relic Boundary.

A boundary that no longer functions as a border.

Give an example of a Relic Boundary.

Hadrian's Wall.

What is an Internal Boundary?

A boundary within a country separating regions or states.

What is a Superimposed Boundary?

A boundary placed without regard for existing boundaries.

Give an example of Superimposed Boundary.

Belgium's boundaries in Rwanda.

Define Antecedent Boundary.

A boundary identified before an area was settled.

What are the four parts of the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas?

1. Territorial sea; 2. Contiguous zone; 3. Exclusive Economic Zone; 4. High seas.

How does the Electoral College work?

Made up of senators and representatives totaling 538 votes; 270 needed to win.

Define Gerrymandering.

Manipulation of voting district boundaries for political advantage.

What is Packing in Gerrymandering?

Concentrating opposition voters into one district.

What is Cracking in Gerrymandering?

Dividing opposition voters across multiple districts.

Define Federal State.

A country that disperses significant authority among subnational units.

Define Unitary State.

A country that concentrates power in the central government.