Bio exam 2

Sexual Reproduction

Which of the options is a way that genetic diversity is promoted in eukaryotes?

Ancient eukaryotic cells resembling archaea cells aquired symbiotic bacteria that eventually took up permanent residence to become mitochondira.

There are two competing theories put forth to explain the origin of eukaryotic cells. Which of the answer choices correctly states one of these theories?

Amoebozoa

The defining characteristic of this organism are pseudopodia. To which superkingdom does this organism belong to?

Stramenopila

You discover a unicellular organism that has aflagella that is covered in hollow hair-like structures and a second, smooth flagella. To which superkingdom does this organism belong?

Plasmogamy

In multicellular fungi, which of the following happens during sexual reproduction?

Chytridiomycota

A researcher discovers a new species of unicellular fungi that has chitin in its cell walls a single posterior flagellum. Thus fungi does not appear to grow hyphae. How should this fungus be classified?

Ascus - conidium

Fungi in Ascomycota reproduce sexually via \______ and reproduce asexually via the \______.

Trachieds

Which of the structures transport a very dilute solution of mineral nutrients within a vascular plant?

Stem

Which of the structures is considered a carbohydrate sink in vascular plants?

Casparian strip

Which of the following is not a tissue found in leaves: mesophyll, epidermis, vascular tissues, or casparian strip?

Day time, High wind speed

When would the rate of transpiration be the greatest?

C4 plants use PEP-carboxylase instead of RuBP for initial CO2 fixation.

C4 plants are able to drastically reduce photorespiration compared to C3 plants. Which of the following explains how C4 pants are able to do this?

that are still metabolically active.

Unlike xylem, phloem is made up of cells:

It leaves the sieve tubes via osmosis and returns to the xylem.

Sugar loaded in the source end of the phloem draws water into the sieve tubes by osmosis, raising the pressure. What happens to the water at the sink end?

Roots can proligerate in local regions where nutrients are abundant.

What is one advantage of new roots proliferating from the pericycle?

Phosphorous - Nitrogen

Plants have a symbiotic relationship with fungi to obtain \______ from the soil and a symbiotic relationship with bacteria to obtain \______.

Sporophyte

In the alteration of generations, which of the following is diploid?

The diploid sygote will grow to become the sporophyte.

Which of the statments regarding fern alternation of generations is true?

Ferns

In which of the plants do male gametes (sperm) require water to travel to and fertilize nearby eggs?

Nodes

Axillary buds and leaves are found at:

Secondary growth causes a plants to grow in diameter (not height).

Which of the statements is true regarding secondary growth in a vascular plants?

False

The sperm cells of bryophytes are dispersed by the wind.

The diploid sporophyte

Which of the phrases correctly describes the "fern" we see when walking in the woods?

Angiosperms

You find a plant produces flowers with six petals and has a fibrous root system. What group does this belong to?

Mosses

The gametophyte generation is the dominant generation in:

Fungi have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to desiccation.

The majority of an individual fungus lives "in" its food source. What characteristics of the fungal growth form make this a necessity?

Plasmogamy occurs before karyogamy.

Which of the following statements about multicellular fungi is true?

Zygomycota

A reseaercher discovers a new species of fungi that forms hyphae, but not septa. This fungus also lacks multicellular fruiting bodies and does not appear to form either endomycorrhyzae with plants. How should this fungus be classified?

Chytridiomycota

To which of the groups do aquatic fungi with flagellated sporse belong?

Ascus - Conidium

Fungi in Ascomycota reproduce secually via the \______ whereas they reproduce asexually via the \______.

Endophytes, Lichens, and Mycorrhizae

Which of the following are examples of mutualistic relationships involving fungi? Select all that apply: Endophytes, Fungal blight, Lichens, and/or Mycorrhizae.

Are formed from a single cell?

Tracheids differ from vessels in that they what?

Lower levels of CO2 in the leaf.

Which of the conditions would stimulate gaurd cells to open?

Photorespiration is likely to occur when oxygen levels are high and carbion dioxide levels are low.

Which of the following statements regarding photorespiration is true?

Phloem is to organic nutrients

Xylem is to water as \____________.

It follows the sugars out of the sieve tubes via osmosis.

Sugar loaded into the source end of the phloem draws water into teh sieve tubes by osmosis, raisng the pressure. What happens to the sink end?

They consume more carbohydrate than they produce.

Why may young leaves that are just emergin from the bud be considered sinks for phloem transport?

Decrease

What would happen to the rate of transpiration if a tree becomes shaded?

Roots

Water and minerals typically enter the plant though the \______.

Stomata

Most of the water that escapes from the leaves passes out through the \______.

True

The energy used by CAM plants are higher thatn C3 plants becuase they can store carbon until it is needed.

Gametophyte - Sporophyte

In angiosperms, a \_____ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the \_____ consists of the rest of the plant.

Spores are unicellular, whereas pollen grains are multicellular.

The pollen of seed-bearing plants and the spores of sedless vascular plants are both transported by air. How do these structures differ?

At the base of the stem near the soil.

Within the stem of a vascular plant, where would you expect to find teh cells that are the most mature\>

New roots form at the pericycle.

Which statement is true about roots?

Stems need to counterat the force of gravity (and support leaves), but roots do not.

Recall that several vascular bundles (containing phloem and xylem) are located around the circumference of a vascular plant stem. In contrast, a root contains one vascular bundle runing down its center. What might account for this different arrangement of vascular bundles in stems and roots?

Ferns

You find a plant produces spores and has a dominate sporophyte generation. What group does this plant belong to?

Gymnosperms

You find a plant has vascular tissue and produces gamates in cone. What group does this plant belong to?

Monocots

You find a plant produces flowers with six petals and has a fibrous root system. What group does this pant belong to?

Archaeplastida

Which superkingdom do all plants belong to?

Opisthokonta

Which superkingdom do humans belong to?

Archaea

Which domain are Eukaryotes most closely related to?

Single posterior flagellum

What is the defining characteristic of sperm?

Mycelium

The mass of filaments that (most) fungi produce to absorb nutrients are called what?

Plasmogamy

In multicellular fungi, which of the following happens first during sexual reproduction?

Ascomycota

Which of the following fungal phyla utilizes conidiophores during asexual reproduction?

Chytridiomycota

An aquatic, flagellated fungus that lacks hyphae is croaking the world's frogs. Which phylum does this fungus belong to?

Facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis.

The primary function of stomata is to \____________.

H2O

During the night, plants close their stomata to limit the evaporative loss of \______.

On the top of the leaf.

Victoria amazonica (pictured below) is a giant species of water lily. Where do you think the stomata are located on the leaves of this species?

Deacreases

What happens to the rate of transpiration rate when humidity is very high?

Day time; Low humidity

When would the rate of transpiration be the greatest?

Mature leaves

Which of the following would be considered a carbohydrate source in vascular plants?

Diffuse into the phloem.

When source cells add sucrose into phloem, water will then what?

Dominant gametophyte

Which of the following are found in mosses?

Sporangia

What are the small, circular structures on the underside of a fern leaf called?

Flowers

Which of the following land adaptations are NOT found in conifers: dominant sporophyte, tracheids, seeds, flowers, or cuticles?

Protist

Any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungi; unicellular eukaryotes.

Mitochondria

Organelle found in large numbers in most eukaryotic cells, in which the biochemical processes or respiration and energy production occur

Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis takes place.

Endosymbiosis

Symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

Opisthokonts

Propulsion by a single posterior flagellum; consists of animals, fungi, and protists; most diverse super kingdoms making up 75% of described organisms.

Choanoflagellates

Have a single flagellum and a ring of microvilli

Plasmodial slime mold

Become multicellular before producing spores.

Cellular slime mold

Form multicellular aggregations of cells in low nutrient levels.

Dysentery

Infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces.

Amebozoa

Move by pseudopodia; consist of plasmodial and cellular slime molds; some are responsible for dysentery.

Archaeplastida

Photosynthetic organisms that acquired chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis; consists of red and green algae and land plants; direct descendants of the protist that first evolved chloroplasts.

Motile stage

Flagella covered with hollow "hair-like" structures.

Stramenopila

Move using motile stage; have many second smooth flagellum; has three major sub-groups: water molds, diatoms, and brown algae.

Cortical alveoli

Sacs beneath plasma membrane that function like golgi bodies

Alveolata

Consist of cortical alveoli; have three major sub-groups: dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomlexans.

Rhizaria

Slender pseudopodia used for locomotion.

Excavata

Many have unusual flagella and altered mitochondria that cannot generate ATP; many also have a groove along the side of the cell.

Land plants

Monophyletic group descendent form green algae; consists of bryoophytes and vascular plants.

Bryophytes

Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts; rely on surface moisture for hydration and diffusion for nutrients; have desiccation tolerance; do not produce roots; lack specialized organs for resource uptake; do not have a long distance transportation system, keeps them close top the ground to get enough nutrients.

Vascular Plants

Include all 95% of land plants that are not bryophytes; have long distance transport systems; can grow hundreds of meters tall and still transport nutrients to entirety of the plant.

Desiccation tolerance

Can withstand dehydration without damage.

Leaves, stems, and reproductive organs

Above ground anatomy of vascular plants.

Shoot

Leaves, stem, and reproductive organs collectively.

Vascular tissue

Transports fluids from roots to leaves; consist of xylem and phloem.

Xylem

Water transport; uses roots and negative pressure

Phloem

Carbohydrate transport: down the plant

Roots

Below ground anatomy of vascular plants.

Epidermis

Sheets of cells that line the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf; secrete a waxy cuticle on their outer surface that limits water loss and CO2 diffusion into the cell.

Mesophyll

AKA middle leaf; loosely packed photosynthetic cells; largely surrounded by air and obtain CO2 needed for photosynthesis through these air spaces.

Veins

System of vascular conduits that connects to the rest of the plant.

Stomata

Hydro-mechanical valves that can open and close; consists of two guard cells surrounding a central pore; allow CO2 to diffuse into the leave; when open, water loss may occur.

Guard cells

Can shrink or swell, changing the size of the pore and opening or close of stomata; control their volume by altering the concentration of solutes (K+ and Cl-) in cytoplasm; increase solute concentration draws water in by osmosis; turgor pressure increases, causing swelling.

Facilitated (active) transport

Solutes enter guard cells by this.