Bayquniyyah Poem (copy)

Usool Al Hadeeth

Usool Al Hadeeth

It is a science relating to principles by which the state of the chain (sanad) and text (text) are known in terms of it being Sahih, Hasan or Da'if

Conditions of sahih hadeeth

1. Continuous

2. Upright narrator

3. Precise narrator

4. No irregularity

5. No hidden defects/weaknesses

Conditions of Hasan

1. Continuous connected chain

2. Upright, just

3. Precise/accurate but less known and accurate narrators compared to sahih

4. No irregularities

5. No hidden defects

Da'if hadeeth

Any hadeeth that doesn’t meet any condition of sahih or hasan

Saheeh li ghayri

Hasan li ghayri

Hadeeth of lower category elevated by other chains.

Marfu’

Linked to prophet

Mawqoof

Linked to companions, saying of sahabi

Maqtu’

Linked to tabi'i

Types of Chain: Musnad

Musnad: continuous chain of narrators all the way to prophet. 2 conditions

1. Muttasil/connected

2. Marfu’/to the prophet

Musalsal

Musalsal: Methods of transmission/narration being copied throughout chain and is in 3

1. Sayings

2. Actions

3. Both Sayings and actions

These are used to improve authenticity.

Mutaawatir hadeeth

Sort of like mutawaatir recitation of quran where it’s passed down in such a high number that it is certain that’s true

Mu'an'an Hadeeth

A hadeeth that is narrated with the word ‘an

2 conditions

1. Chain is free from tadlees (uncertainty in chain)

2. The narrators succeeding each other have met (likely)

Aahad hadeeth

Aahad hadeeth are transmitted in a number not as high as mutawaatir and has 3 types.

1. Ghareeb: Smallest number of transmission in chain is 1 person

2. Azeez: Smallest number is 2 people

3. Mashoor: 3+

Mubham Hadeeth

A hadeeth where a name isn’t mentioned in matn or sanad.

2 types of mubham

1. Ibham in chain (sanad): chain of narration has an unnamed narrator

2. Ibham in matn (text): no name in actual text of hadeeth. The matn doesn’t mention the narrator

It is classified as da'if when there is ibham in chain

‘Ali and Naazil hadeeth

1. ‘Ali: The number of narrators in chain are few

2. Naazil: Number of narrators in the chain are many

‘Ali > Naazil because more narrators lead to higher possibility for error

Tadlees

A narrator narrates from who he actually didn’t hear from and the wording he uses doesn’t indicate that he didn’t hear from them by using the correct terminology

Mursal

Sahaba not mentioned in the chain.

Tabi'i —> Prophet

Da'if

Munqati’

Any break in the chain of narration and is da'if

All mu'dal and mursal hadeeth are munqati'' but not vice versa

Mu'dal

Any 2 or more consecutive breaks in chain.

2 conditions:

1. 2 or more breaks

2. Consecutive

Mua'llaq

Narrator missing from beginning of Chain. (Chain ends at prophet ﷺ)

Shadh

When a trustworthy narrators hadeeth different to a more trustworthy narrators hadeeth and the more trustworthy one is called mahfoodh (the preferred one)

Thiqqah

Thiqqah is what makes a narrator trustworthy and is made up from 2 subsets

1. Integrity

2. Precision in memory

Ibdal

types of ibdal (change)

1. Change a famous narrator with contemporary who is also famous and trustworthy example Salim and Naafi

2. Switching the narrators in the chain in order to gauge the level of the muhaddith. As the people of Baghdad did with Imam Al Bukhari.

Generally it’s not permitted to perform the second type of ibdal unless to test the memorization and strength of the muhaddith

Fard Mutlaq

Fard mutlaq is basically ghareeb.

Chain at one point is narrated by one narrator

Fard Muqayyad/Nisbee

From a specific aspect

Of 3 types

1. Thiqqah: Trustworthy

2. Location/region

3. Single transmission

Munkar *

Weak Narrator contradicts a narrator who is stronger than him

Matruk

Doesn’t contradict others but is accused of lying and its like

Mu'al'al/Ma'lul

Contains ‘illah, which is hidden defect and can be in either or both isnad and matn

Mudtarib

When a hadeeth is narrated differently but cannot be reconciled either in matn or sanad and is classified as da'if

Mudrajat

So extra words of interpretation added to the hadeeth by one of the narrators to explain the hadeeth

Muttafiq

When the writing and pronunciation is the same/similar for a name but it is ambiguous to its narrator since the name is common

Mudabbaj

When a scholar narrated from another scholar on the same level.

P—> C —> C —> T

Muftariq

Thinking a number of people are one person or to think a trustworthy person is weak, or a weak narrator is trustworthy

Mu'talif

Identical hadeeth in spelling

Mukhtalif

Opposite of mu'talif. Difference in spelling.

Mawdu’

A fabricated hadeeth

Munkar Hadith

When in a Mukhtalif an individuals narration contradicts another individual groups.

Da'eef Jiddah (Extremely Weak)

Matruk Hadith

When the Hadith comes from an individual and the individual is weak.

4 causes of fabrication of hadeeth

1. Lack of belief like the heretics

2. To support a school of thought

3. Following the vain desire of some leaders

4. Being ignorant by thinking reward could be gained

Fardh Hadeeth

Only one possible narration for that hadeeth