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Stanley Miller’s experiment
He sent an electrical charge through a flask of a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water. This created organic compounds including amino acids.
Harold Urey’s experiment
Electric sparks were passed through a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water, which resulted in the formation of four amino acids, the building blocks of life.
origin of organic molecules
most of these organic molecules come from the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) through several carbon-fixation pathways, such as photosynthesis in plants.
Structural traits
represent the physical capabilities of an organism
diversity of Domain Archaea
The majority of archaeal diversity is composed of two kingdoms: the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota.
diversity of Domain Bacteria
contains 5 major groups: proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, and gram-positive bacteria.
Oxygenation of earth by Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria.
responsible for changes in the earth's atmospheric composition, the rise of aerobic metabolism and, ultimately, the evolution of multicellularity.
how do bacteria reproduce genes
reproduce by binary fission. In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium divides into two (replicates).
how does Archaea reproduce genes
reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission, fragmentation, or budding; meiosis does not occur, so if a species of archaea exists in more than one form, all have the same genetic material.
how does bacteria and archea exchange genes
horizontal gene transfer of genes from the archaea to the bacteria
Archaean Traits and Diversity
Most closely related to eukaryotes, Live in extreme environments
Domain Eukarya
third domain, Eukarya, consists of organisms whose cells have a nucleus. It's also the only domain that contains multicellular and visible organisms, like people, animals, plants and trees.
Origin of the first eukaryotes
1.8 billion years ago: Eukaryotes \n first (protists) appeared in fossil \n record, 570 mys old: the earliest animal \n fossils found in water, less than a millimeter \n across, shared oceans with fungi, \n protists, bacteria and archaea
Endosymbiotic theory
states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote)/ photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by endocytosis) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells.
Origins of chloroplasts
Chloroplasts were originally established in eukaryotes by the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium
Origins of Mitochondria
Mitochondria originated by permanent enslavement of purple non-sulphur bacteria.
Diversity of Protista
protists represent the vast bulk of eukaryotic diversity, they live in virtually all environments on Earth
diversity of Protozoa
are incredibly diverse in terms of physiology and lifestyle, which has enabled them to colonise a wide range of moist environments, including marine, freshwater and extreme habitats. Many species have evolved specialised anatomical structures for feeding, motility and exchange of genetic material
diversity of algae
Algae can be divided into three ecological groups, namely phytoplankton, benthic microalgae, and macroalgae in mangrove ecosystems, which play important roles in organic carbon production and nutrient cycle.
diversity of slime molds
There are two types of slime mold: cellular and acellular (plasmodial). During the life cycle of cellular slime molds, they remain as single cells.
Foraminiferans
Foraminifera are amoeba-like, single-celled protists (very simple micro-organisms). They have been called 'armoured amoebae' because they secrete a tiny shell (or 'test') usually between about a half and one millimetre long.
Secrete calcium carbonate
Massive reef structures are formed when each individual stony coral organism—or polyp—secretes a skeleton of calcium carbonate.
Dinoflagellates- Bioluminescent
Single-celled, aquatic with cellulose and two \n flagella, Some are photosynthetic
Choanoflagellates - Most closely related to animals
Choanoflagellates are among the closest living single-celled relatives of metazoans. This relationship means that choanoflagellates are to metazoans — all animals, from sponges to flatworms to chordates — what chimpanzees are to humans.
Apicomplexans
It is a special organelle that appears as a conical structures on the tapered end (or the apical end) of the cell. It contains rhoptries, micronemes, polar rings, and conoid. Most of the apicomplexans are single-celled, spore-forming, and parasitic
Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a type of protozoa, a single-celled organism that is able to divide only within a host cell
Balantidium coli
an intestinal protozoan parasite that causes the infection called balantidiasi
Flagellated protozoa
protozoans with one or a small number of long whip-like hairs called flagella that are used for locomotion
Giardia lamblia-Giardiasis
Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes the diarrheal disease giardiasis.
Diatoms
single-celled algae, are algae that live in houses made of glass. They are the only organism on the planet with cell walls composed of transparent, opaline silica
Trichomoniasis
a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite
Trypanosoma (African related)
also known as “sleeping sickness”, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei.
Origin of Viruses
Viruses may have arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells
Bacteriophage
also known as phages, are viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells
Entamoeba
a protozoan that causes intestinal amebiasis as well as extra-intestinal manifestations
Viral Multiplication
Attachment.Penetration.Uncoating.Replication. Assembly.Maturation, Release. To multiply, a virus must first infect a cel
Lysogenic replication pathway
The lysogenic cycle is a method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a host cell.
Lytic replication pathway
the virus introduces its genome into a host cell and initiates replication by hijacking the host's cellular machinery to make new copies of the virus.
