AP Human Geo Exam Review Units 1 and 2

Absolute Direction

Directions on a compassthat use cardinal points such as north, south, east, and west to describe location or orientation.

Absolute Distance

A measurable distance that can be measured in a standard unit of measurment

Absolute Location

The precise point where a place is located, usually defined by latitude and longitude coordinates.

Cenus

A systematic collection of demographic data about a population, typically conducted every ten years.

Environmental Determinism

The theory that human behaviors and cultures are shaped and constrained by the physical environment, influencing social development and economic activities.

Formal Reigon

A geographic region inhabited by people who share the same common traits/lifestyles.

Functional Region

A geographic area organized around a focal point or node, characterized by interactions and connections among its areas.These regions often focus on economic social or political activities.

GIS

A system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and managing geographic data, allowing for spatial analysis and mapping. Google maps integrates GIS technology into its system.

Map Projection

A method used to represent the three-dimensional surface of the Earth on a two-dimensional plane, addressing distortions in shape, area, distance, or direction.

Possiblism

The theory that the environment offers various possibilities for human activity, but human choices and actions ultimately shape outcomes. It contrasts with environmental determinism, emphasizing the influence of social and cultural factors.

Reference Map

A type of map that shows the locations of geographic features and boundaries, providing a visual representation of an area without focusing on specific data.

Reigon

Geographical unit based on one or more common characteristics.

Relative Direction

Direction that can be described as a position.

Relative Distance

Measurment of the level of social, cultural, and economic relationships between places.

Relative Location

Position of a place in relation to other locations.

Remote Sensing

Sensing the scanning of earth by plane or satellite in order to obtain information.

Scale

Territorial extent of an idea or object.

Spatial Perspective

Geographic prospective that identifys and explains space.

Sustainability

The practice of using resources in a way that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Thematic Maps

Map that emphasizes spatial patterns or geographical statistics.They display specific themes such as population, climate, or land use.

Time-Distance-Decay

“First Law of Geography” states that near things are more related to near things than distant things.

Time-Space Compression

Decreasing distance between place. “World is Shrinking”

Vernacular Reigon/Perceptual Reigon

A region defined by people's perceptions and feelings rather than formal boundaries. Vernacular regions often share cultural identity or characteristics.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Antinatalist Policies

Policies implemented to reduce birth rates and control population growth, often through education, contraception, and incentives for smaller families.

Arable Land

Land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

Arithmetic Density

Average number of people per unit or land

Brain Drain

Country’s or places lose young, smart, educated, and skilled people through migration.

Carrying Capacity

The number of people that an area can support without depleting resources.

Chain Migration

Peoples migration leads family and friends to also migrate.

Crude Birth Rate

Average number of births per 1000 people. Traditional way of measuring Birth Rates.

Crude Death Rate

Average Number of Deaths per 1000 people.

Demographic Transition Model

How CBR, CDR, and RNI change overtime as countries go through industrialization and urbanization.

Demography

Statistical study of population and its change most of the time comes from cenus or official count of a country’s population.

Dependancy Ratio

% of people within a population who are either too young or to old and must be supported by their labor working adults withing the population.

Doubling Time

Number of years it takes a population to double its size.

Emigration

The act of migrating or leaving their place, country, or region for another.

Epidemiologic

Branch of Medicare that studies the distribution, control of diseases, and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary life.

Forced Migration

Migration caused by forces out of ones control such as natural disasters, development projects, or social conflicts.

Guest Worker

Person with temporary permission to work in a country.

Immigration

A migrant arriving at their destination.

Infant Mortality Rate

How many infants die within the first year of their life. Measured per 1000 Live Births.

Internal Migration

When people move within the borders of their country. EX: California to Texas

Internally Displaced Persons

Even with persecution they remain in their country. EX: Refugees leave the country but IDP’s stay despite persecution.

Intervening Opportunity

A place a migrant may settle instead of going to the intended destination.

Life Expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants.

Physiological Density

The average number of people per unit area.

Population Pyramid

Graph that compares age, sex, and structure divided into 3 classes.

Pronatalist Policies

Designed to help boost population and fertility rates.

Pull Factor

Attributes that make a place more appealing to potential migrants or that keep people in a place.

Push Factor

Attributes that are dissatisfying to people in the current location and make people want to move.

Rate of Natural Increase

Difference between number of births and deaths in a given year.

Refugee

A person who leaves their country because of persecution or assault.

Replacement Rate

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabalize the current population.

Step-Migration

A migrant taking steps to making mitigation easier instead of going straight to the final destination.

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children per woman during the reproductive lifetime.

Transhumance

Herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastors.

Voluntary Migration

Migration that is done willingly instead of forcefully.

Zero Population Growth

When a countrys birth and deaths in a year is even to RNI is zero.