Ch 4: Tissue Level of Organization

four tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

tissue type where cells are specialized for exchange or barrier

epithelial

term for what occurs when epithelial cells detach in order to prevent ectopic growth

anoikis

type of gland that releases hormones or products into the bloodstream

endocrine

type of gland that releases hormones or products onto the skin or into lumen

exocrine

type of tissue that connects, supports, and anchors

connective tissue

cell type that is the component of the epidermis, secrete keratin, and serve as a barrier

keratinocytes

cell type that synthesizes and maintains the extracellular matrix

fibroblasts

cell type that store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation and cushioning

adipocytes

type of muscle tissue that is voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated and is responsible for movement, posture, and heat production

skeletal

type of muscle tissue that is involuntary, striated, uninucleate, contains intercalated disks, and functions to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system

cardiac

type of muscle tissue that is involuntary, non-striated, uninucleate, and functions in movement of digestive, respiratory, and vascular systems

smooth

tissue type that is specialized to transmit and receive electrical impulses

nervous

three functions of intercalated disks

connection, signal transmission, synchronized contraction

layer of smooth muscle where fibers run around the organs and participates in segmental contractions to mix contents of organs

inner circular layer

layer of smooth muscle where fibers run along the length on the organ and participated in propulsive waves to move forward contents of organs

outer longitudinal

term for a network of cells that function as a single unit due to gap junctions to allow electrical and mechanical coupling

function syncytium

cell junction that serves as a barrier to prevent leakage, contains claudins and occludins and utilizes actin filaments

tight

cell to cell junction that functions in mechanical support and adhesion by forming patches, contains cadherins, and utilizes actin filaments

anchoring

cell to cell junction that provides strong adhesion to cells in tissues subject to high mechanical stress, contains cadherins and is linked to intermediate filaments

desmosomes

cell to ECM junction that helps epithelial cells stay anchored to underlying connective tissue, contains integrins and is linked to intermediate filaments

hemidesmosomes

epithelium that is flat and thin, function in diffusion and filtration and is located in lungs, blood vessels and kidney glomeruli

simple squamous

epithelium that is cube-shaped, functions in secretion and absorption, and is found in kidney tubules, glandular ducts, and thyroid follicles

simple cuboidal

epithelium that is tall, functions in absorption and secretion, and is found in the digestive tract and uterus

simple columnar

epithelium that is flat and multiple layers, functions in protection against friction and water loss, and is found in the epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium that is flat and multiple layers, functions in protection against moist environments, and is found in the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina

non-keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium that is cube and is in 2-3 layers, functions secretion and protection and is found in sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

stratified cuboidal

epithelia that is tall in multiple layers, functions in protection and secretion, and is found in the male urethra, and some glandular ducts

stratified columnar

epithelium that has multiple layers, able to stretch and is found in the urinary bladder and uterus

transitional epithelium

epithelium that is a single layer with different levels of nuclei, functions in mucus secretion and movement and is found the respiratory tract and male reproductive tract

pseudo-stratified columnar

cell that produces melanin and secretes into the surrounding cells to be responsible for hair, skin, and eye color

melanocytes

disease that arises due to a defect in tyrosinase enzyme that results in little or no melanin production

albinism

gland that is unbranched, tubed and functions in secretions of the intestinal glands

simple tubular

gland that is coiled, unbranched, and functions in watery sweat secretion

simple coiled tubular

gland that is multi-tubed, unbranched, and functions in mucus secretion of gastric and uterine glands

simple branched tubular

gland that is round and sac-like, unbranched, and functions in secretion of oily substances of early-embryonic sebaceous glands

simple alveolar

gland that is multiple sac-like glands with one duct, unbranched and functions in sebum production of sebaceous glands

simple branched alveolar

gland that is multiple branched tubes and functions in enzyme and mucus production in the duodenum

compound tubular

gland that is multiple branched round unites and functions in secreting enzymes in the exocrine pancreas and mammary glands

compound alveolar

gland that is a combination of tubular and alveolar structures and secretes both mucus and enzymes in the salivary and mammary glands

compound tubular alveolar

type of secretion where secretions are released via exocytosis and no cell damage

merocrine

type of secretions that releases watery, protein rich secretions (sweat, saliva, digestive enzymes)

merocine

type of secretions that releases lipid-rich secretions (milk, body-odor components)

apocrine

type of secretion where a portion of the cell membrane and cytoplasm are decapitated

apocrine

type of secretion where the entire cell sloughs off to release its content in the ducts

holocrine

type of secretion that releases oily, lipid-based secretions (sebaceous and meibomian glands

holocrine

specific holocrine glands that secrete oils to lubricate and protect the skin

sebaceous

two types of connective tissue proper

loose and dense

two types of supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

two types of fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

connective tissue type that is made up of loose fiber arrangements, fibroblasts, and macrophages, and functions in cushioning, binding organs and immune defense

loose areolar

connective tissue type that is made up of adipocytes, and functions in insulation, energy storage, and cushioning

loose adipose

connective tissue type that is made up of reticular fibers, and fibroblasts and functions in structural support for soft organs

loos reticular

connective tissue type that is made up of parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts functions in unidirectional tensile strength

dense regular

connective tissue type that is made up of random collage fibers and functions in strength in multiple directions

dense irregular

connective tissue type that is made up of elastic fibers and fibroblasts and allows stretching and recoil

dense elastic

connective tissue type that is a glassy smooth matrix, with chondrocytes in the lacunae and functions in reducing friction and providing structural support

hyaline cartilage

connective tissue type that is made of elastic fibers and a flexible matrix, and functions in providing flexibility and shape retention

elastic cartilage

connective tissue type that is made of thick collagen fibers and chondrocytes and functions in shock absorption and compression resistance

fibrocartilage

connective tissue type that is made of osteons and a dense mineralized matrix and functions in rigid support, protection, and Ca storage

compact bone

connective tissue type that is made of trabeculae with a porous structure and functions in light weight support and bone marrow storage

cancellous bone

connective tissue type that contains plasma, platelets and red and white blood cells and functions in oxygen transport, immune defense and clotting

blood

connective tissue type that contains lymphatic fluid and white blood cells and functions in immune function and fluid balance

lymph

connective tissue type that is found in the ends of long bonds and inside flat bones

cancellous bone

connective tissue type that is found on the outer layer of bones

compact bone

connective tissue type that is found in invertebral discs and menisci of the knee

firbocartilage

connective tissue type that is found in the external ear and epiglottis

elastic cartilage

connective tissue type that is found on the end of long bones, nose, and trachea

hyaline cartilage

connective tissue type that is found in the walls of arteries and bronchial tubes

dense elastic

connective tissue type that is found in joint capsules, organ capsules and the dermis

dense irregular

connective tissue type that is found in tendons and ligaments

dense regular

connective tissue type that is found in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

loose reticular

connective tissue type that is found in the hypodermis, and around organs

loose adipose

connective tissue type that is found under epithelia and around blood vessels and nerves

loose areolar

term for small cavities or spaces within tissues that house specific cells

lacunae

term for a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds most type of cartilage

perichondrium

disease that results in tall and slender stature, scoliosis, flexible joints, heart defects, eye problems, flat feet, and crowded teeth due to a mutation in FBN1 gene

marfan syndrome

disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath leading the inflammation, scarring, and nerve damage

multiple sclerosis

explain the process of natural keratinocyte death

keratinocytes migrate from the basal layer and undergo apoptosis to become corneocytes to flake off

medication that is given for high blood pressure that function by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase to reduce cholesterol production

statins

sweat gland that contains small, coiled glands with ducts to open onto skin surface and secrete watery sweat

exocrine sweat glands

sweat gland that is larger ducts opening into hair follicles and secrete thick, milky sweat

apocrine sweat glands

cells within the bones that are responsible for producing and secreting the bone matrix

osteoblasts

cells within the bones that are responsible for breaking down bone tissue to release calcium and phosphate into the blood stream

osteoclasts

term for a calcium phosphate mineral that makes up most of the inorganic components of bone and teeth and provides strength and hardness.

hydroxyapatite

explain the extracellular matrix of bone

collagen fibers imbedded in hydroxyapatite

component found in bone that gives it some flex vs strength

collagen

difference in the vasculature of bone and cartilage

bone is vascular, cartilage is avascular

type of bone that function in protection, muscle attachment and hematopoiesis and is formed by intramembranous ossification

flat bone

type of bone that functions in support, facilitating movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis and is formed by endochondral ossification

long bone

fluid that surrounds and bathes cells in tissues acting as a medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between cells the blood stream

interstitial fluid

five functions of lymph

-fluid balance

-immune support

-nutrient absorption

-waste removal

-transport of large molecules

difference between arterioles and venules on histology

arterioles have thicker tunica media and a smaller lumen while venules have a thinner tunica media and a larger lumen

muscle tissue that have prominent striations and small nuclei on the periphery

skeletal

muscle tissue that have single nuclei and no striations

smooth

muscle tissue that have single nuclei and are striated

term for dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

epimysium

term for a thinner connective tissue layer that bundle muscle fibers into a fascicle

perimysium

term for a fine connective tissue later that surrounds each muscle fiber

endomysium

two reasons cardiac muscle appears striated

sarcomere organization and alternating light and dark bands