Tobira Lesson 3

∼他にも

"in addition to~" "besides"

∼他（に）は（∼ない）

(not~) except for~; (not~) other than~

Noun＋型

Suffix

Commonly used to describe the shape, type, model, or newness of an object.

"style; type; model; design"

それに

Introduce an aside or some new info that supports what one has just said; can be used to add explanation.

"besides; moreover; furthermore; what's more; on top of that"

Nounなら

When the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition.

"would; could" "if it is N; N would/could"

Sentenceのなら

When the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition.

の occurs before なら when the supposition is based on what the speakers has heard from someone or learned from the situation.

With たら S1 has to occur/be completed before S2

"if (it's the case that)~; if (it's true that)~"

Nounとして

Used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristic of something.

"as; in the capacity of"

Verb-non-pastことになっている

Something has been decided and the result of that decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules and customs, as well as one's schedule.

"be supposed to~; It is a rule that~; It's been decided that~"

∼をしている；∼をしたNoun

Describe a feature of someone/thing, focusing on a certain part or attribute.

Synonymous with N1 は N2 が Adj.

"have"

てくる

Indicates the temporal or spatial direction if an action from the speaker's viewpoint.

When an action appears to be directed toward the speaker.

Often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing in the present, or that something has begun to take place.

"have V-ed; begin to; become; grow"

ていく

When an action appears to be directed away from the speaker.

Often expresses an action or state that will continue from the present into the future.

"to go on V-ing; continue; become; grow"

Verb-non-paｓｔことになった

"It was/has been decided that~; It turns out that~"

∼ように頼む

Used to quote a request or command indirectly.

In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる（ように頼み）.

Negative request: ~ないように頼む.

"to ask someone to V"

∼ように言う

Used to quote a request or command indirectly.

Negative request: ~ないように言う.

"to tell someone to V"

∼て｛くれる／くれない／もらえる／もらえない｝？

Casual.

With rising intonation is used to make requests.

"Will you~?; Can you~?; Could you~?"

Verb-non-paｓｔようにする

Indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose.

Used for habitual actions.

"make an effort to do~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do~; try one's best so that~

∼かな（あ）

Casual.

Sentence-final particle that indicates the sentence is a self-addressed question or a question addressed to the speaker's in-group member(s).

"I wonder~"

なるべく

"as much/often as possible; as~ as possible"

∼ようとした｛が／けれど｝

"tried to~ but; was going to~ but"

∼ようとしたら

"when~ was going to~"