Unit 1 & 2 AP Human Geography

Human Geography

is the study of the spatial analysis of human population

Reference Maps

designed for people to refer to for general information that show absolute locations as well as geographic features. Examples below:
- political maps: boundaries

Thematic Maps

show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon

Choropleth Map

a thematic map that uses various colors

Cartogram Map

thematic map that distorts the size based on specific data (more used for visual)

Dot Map

a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable

Graduated Symbol (Proportional Symbol) Map

thematic map that uses symbols of different sizes to indicate amounts of something. Refer to the map legend to understand symbol data.

Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in data across space

Flow Line Map

Lines show direction of movement of phenomena. Thickness of lines show amount of what is being measured

Absolute Location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates (latitude & longitude)

Latitude

Imaginary line running parallel to the equator that is used to measure distance north or south of the equator

Longitude

An imaginary line circling the Earth running pole to pole that is used to measure east to west from the Prime Meridian

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude

Prime Meridian

The meridian

Relative Location

The situation of a place in relation to another place. Distance

Map Projection Distortions

taking a 3D object and making it 2D will inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape

Goode's Interrupted Projection

Map that has an equal-area projection where both the shapes and the sizes of landmasses are represented with a large amount of accuracy.

Mercator Projection

A true conformal cylindrical map projection

Robinson Projection

No major distortions (area

Azimuthal Projection

Preserves both distance and direction from the central point. Projected onto a flat surface from any point on the globe. Depicted most commonly is the polar aspect

Gall-Peters Projection

shows the relative sizes of the earth's continents accurately (equal area). However

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

Geospatial Technology - Computer system that can store

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Geospatial Technology - receivers on Earth's surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receivers exact location

Remote Sensing

Geospatial Technology - the use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft

Census

a count of the population...
- in the US this occurs every 10 years
- in the US it determines each states number of House representatives through reapportionment & used to determine state/federal spending

Distance Decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.... less interaction the further away you get

Time-Space Compression

the shrinking "time distance" between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication technologies.... the world appears small

Friction of Distance

A cause of decay or weakening due to the lack of resources

Sustainability

Using Earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment.....meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Environmental Determinism

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life

Possiblism

A response to determinism - that holds human decision making

Scale

The relationship of the size of a map to the amount of area it represents on earth

Small Scale (less detail \= zoomed out on image) vs Large Scale (more detail \= zoomed in on image)

Scale of Analysis

the level at which data is displayed.

Local

Formal (uniform) Region

homogenous regions

Functional (nodal) region

Area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. Regions often united by networks of communication & transportation

Perceptual (vernacular) Region

defined by the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them (region boundaries depend on the person who is defining them & their experiences/knowledge)

Built Landscape

Physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape such as buildings

Cultural Landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (think about the different architectural styles around the world

Toponym

the name given to a place

Sequence Occupancy

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place

MDC (more developed country)

a country with higher levels of per capita income

LDC (less developed country)

A country that has lower levels of per capita income

Emerging economy

Nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization and is transitioning into a developed economy

Globalization

expansion of economic

Interdependence

A relationship between countries/people in which they rely on one another for resources

World system Theory (dependency theory)

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.
- assumes all countries want to modernize but occurs at different speeds
1. Traditional Society
2. Preconditions to Take-Off
3. Take-Off
4. Drive to Maturity
5. High Mass Consumption

Expansion Diffusion

the spread of an innovation/idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced continues to grow larger.
- This occurs in many ways: contagious

Heirarchical Diffusion

the spread of cultural outward from most interconnected places

Stimulus Diffusion

occurs when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture but modify it because they reject one trait of it.

Ex: McDonalds Menu is different in other countries based on what people there eat

Contagious Diffusion

cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its heath through contact among people. Happens rapidly

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them

Hearth

The original location of a new idea

Site

Characteristics at the immediate (absolute) location - soil type

Situation

Location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places

Spatial Information

focuses on things such as location

Qualitative Data

Data not usually represented by numbers

Quantitate Data

information that can be measured and recorded using numbers.

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

Pattern

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

Population Distribution

Physical factors: climate (mid-latitude regions 60-degree North or South of the equator)

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Has changed over time Population clusters: South Asia

Population Density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Arithmetic Densterm-0ity

The total number of people divided by the total land area. Says little about where people actually live or distributed in space

Physiological Density

total population divided by arable land (farmable land) Can help show Carrying capacity of a country

Agricultural Density

number of farmers divided by arable land can help determine LDC vs MDC.....MDC will have less farmers because of industrialization of farming techniques

Carrying Capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

cohort

group unified by a specific common characteristic

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. \# lower in MDC and higher in LDC

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1

Demographic Balancing Equation

Total Population Change \= Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Shows population change as countries modernize. The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition 1. Pestilence & Famine 2. Receding Pandemics 3. Degenerative & Human Created Diseases 4. Delayed Degenerative Diseases 5. Reemerging Infectious & Parasitic Diseases

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because

Neo-Malthus

People who adapted Malthus basic ideas to modern conditions Argue the global overpopulation is a threat & will lead to depletion of nonrenewable resources

Esther Boserup

Argues against Malthus Population change drives the intensity of agricultural production - people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce

Pronatalist Policies

government policies that encourage child birth to promote population growth incentives: tax breaks

Antinatalist Policies

government policies that discourage child birth to decrease population growth Incentives: Government sponsored/access to contraceptives

Contraceptives

used to prevent pregnancy: birth control

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America

Migration

a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move from one place to another

Immigration

Migration to a new location (Country) Immigration with an I \= into a new place

Emigration

movement of individuals out of a country Emigration with an E \= to leave a place

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1880s German geographer noted patterns about migration tendencies

Zelinsky's Model of Migration

Coincides with the DTM Claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on its level of development Stage 1: little or no permanent migration (move daily or seasonally) Stage 2: Rural to Urban AND International migration Stage 3-5: Migration is internal intraregional

Push/Pull Factors

Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)

Intervening Opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.....pauses ones migration (movement)

Intervening Obstacle

hinders migration. PHYSICAL FEATURES: mountains

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate because of political

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in fear of their life