Studied by 7 people
Human Geography
is the study of the spatial analysis of human population
Reference Maps
designed for people to refer to for general information that show absolute locations as well as geographic features. Examples below:
political maps: boundaries
Thematic Maps
show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon
Choropleth Map
a thematic map that uses various colors
Cartogram Map
thematic map that distorts the size based on specific data (more used for visual)
Dot Map
a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable
Graduated Symbol (Proportional Symbol) Map
thematic map that uses symbols of different sizes to indicate amounts of something. Refer to the map legend to understand symbol data.
Isoline Map
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in data across space
Flow Line Map
Lines show direction of movement of phenomena. Thickness of lines show amount of what is being measured
Absolute Location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates (latitude & longitude)
Latitude
Imaginary line running parallel to the equator that is used to measure distance north or south of the equator
Longitude
An imaginary line circling the Earth running pole to pole that is used to measure east to west from the Prime Meridian
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude
Prime Meridian
The meridian
Relative Location
The situation of a place in relation to another place. Distance
Map Projection Distortions
taking a 3D object and making it 2D will inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape
Goode's Interrupted Projection
Map that has an equal-area projection where both the shapes and the sizes of landmasses are represented with a large amount of accuracy.
Mercator Projection
A true conformal cylindrical map projection
Robinson Projection
No major distortions (area
Azimuthal Projection
Preserves both distance and direction from the central point. Projected onto a flat surface from any point on the globe. Depicted most commonly is the polar aspect
Gall-Peters Projection
shows the relative sizes of the earth's continents accurately (equal area). However
GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
Geospatial Technology - Computer system that can store
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Geospatial Technology - receivers on Earth's surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receivers exact location
Remote Sensing
Geospatial Technology - the use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft
Census
a count of the population...
in the US this occurs every 10 years
in the US it determines each states number of House representatives through reapportionment & used to determine state/federal spending
Distance Decay
decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.... less interaction the further away you get
Time-Space Compression
the shrinking "time distance" between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication technologies.... the world appears small
Friction of Distance
A cause of decay or weakening due to the lack of resources
Sustainability
Using Earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment.....meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Environmental Determinism
The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life
Possiblism
A response to determinism - that holds human decision making
Scale
The relationship of the size of a map to the amount of area it represents on earth
Small Scale (less detail = zoomed out on image) vs Large Scale (more detail = zoomed in on image)
Scale of Analysis
the level at which data is displayed.
Local
Formal (uniform) Region
homogenous regions
Functional (nodal) region
Area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. Regions often united by networks of communication & transportation
Perceptual (vernacular) Region
defined by the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them (region boundaries depend on the person who is defining them & their experiences/knowledge)
Built Landscape
Physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape such as buildings
Cultural Landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (think about the different architectural styles around the world
Toponym
the name given to a place
Sequence Occupancy
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place
MDC (more developed country)
a country with higher levels of per capita income
LDC (less developed country)
A country that has lower levels of per capita income
Emerging economy
Nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization and is transitioning into a developed economy
Globalization
expansion of economic
Interdependence
A relationship between countries/people in which they rely on one another for resources
World system Theory (dependency theory)
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth
A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.
assumes all countries want to modernize but occurs at different speeds
Traditional Society
Preconditions to Take-Off
Take-Off
Drive to Maturity
High Mass Consumption
Expansion Diffusion
the spread of an innovation/idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced continues to grow larger.
This occurs in many ways: contagious
Heirarchical Diffusion
the spread of cultural outward from most interconnected places
Stimulus Diffusion
occurs when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture but modify it because they reject one trait of it.
Ex: McDonalds Menu is different in other countries based on what people there eat
Contagious Diffusion
cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its heath through contact among people. Happens rapidly
Relocation Diffusion
the spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
Hearth
The original location of a new idea
Site
Characteristics at the immediate (absolute) location - soil type
Situation
Location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places
Spatial Information
focuses on things such as location
Qualitative Data
Data not usually represented by numbers
Quantitate Data
information that can be measured and recorded using numbers.
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Pattern
the geometric arrangement of objects in space
Population Distribution
Physical factors: climate (mid-latitude regions 60-degree North or South of the equator)
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Has changed over time Population clusters: South Asia
Population Density
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Arithmetic Densterm-0ity
The total number of people divided by the total land area. Says little about where people actually live or distributed in space
Physiological Density
total population divided by arable land (farmable land) Can help show Carrying capacity of a country
Agricultural Density
number of farmers divided by arable land can help determine LDC vs MDC.....MDC will have less farmers because of industrialization of farming techniques
Carrying Capacity
the largest population that an environment can support at any given time
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
cohort
group unified by a specific common characteristic
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
demographics
the characteristics of a population with respect to age
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. # lower in MDC and higher in LDC
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1
Demographic Balancing Equation
Total Population Change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Shows population change as countries modernize. The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition 1. Pestilence & Famine 2. Receding Pandemics 3. Degenerative & Human Created Diseases 4. Delayed Degenerative Diseases 5. Reemerging Infectious & Parasitic Diseases
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because
Neo-Malthus
People who adapted Malthus basic ideas to modern conditions Argue the global overpopulation is a threat & will lead to depletion of nonrenewable resources
Esther Boserup
Argues against Malthus Population change drives the intensity of agricultural production - people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce
Pronatalist Policies
government policies that encourage child birth to promote population growth incentives: tax breaks
Antinatalist Policies
government policies that discourage child birth to decrease population growth Incentives: Government sponsored/access to contraceptives
Contraceptives
used to prevent pregnancy: birth control
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 65 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America
Migration
a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move from one place to another
Immigration
Migration to a new location (Country) Immigration with an I = into a new place
Emigration
movement of individuals out of a country Emigration with an E = to leave a place
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
1880s German geographer noted patterns about migration tendencies
Zelinsky's Model of Migration
Coincides with the DTM Claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on its level of development Stage 1: little or no permanent migration (move daily or seasonally) Stage 2: Rural to Urban AND International migration Stage 3-5: Migration is internal intraregional
Push/Pull Factors
Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)
Intervening Opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.....pauses ones migration (movement)
Intervening Obstacle
hinders migration. PHYSICAL FEATURES: mountains
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate because of political
Refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in fear of their life
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